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Planning represents a fundamental capability of intelligent agents, requiring comprehensive environmental understanding, rigorous logical reasoning, and effective sequential decision-making.
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Solving math word problems with process-and outcome-based feedback
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Scienceworld: Is your agent smarter than a 5th grader?
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
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Webshop: Towards scalable real-world web interaction with grounded language agents
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Vlmbench: A compositional benchmark for vision-and-language manipulation
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Least-to-most prompting enables complex reasoning in large language models
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Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al · 2023
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Fireact: Toward language agent fine-tuning
Baian Chen, Chang Shu, Ehsan Shareghi, Nigel Collier, Karthik Narasimhan, and Shunyu Yao. 2023a · 2023
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Jiangjie Chen, Siyu Yuan, Rong Ye, Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder, and Kyle Richardson. 2023b · 2023
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Mind2web: Towards a generalist agent for the web
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Tooltalk: Evaluating tool-usage in a conversational setting
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Mindagent: Emergent gaming interaction
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Leveraging pre-trained large language models to construct and utilize world models for model-based task planning
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A real-world webagent with planning, long context understanding, and program synthesis
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Reasoning with language model is planning with world model
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MinePlanner: A Benchmark for Long-Horizon Planning in Large Minecraft Worlds
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Tree-of-mixed-thought: Combining fast and slow thinking for multi-hop visual reasoning
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Avis: Autonomous visual information seeking with large language model agent
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Swe-bench: Can language models resolve real-world github issues?
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Think Before You Act: Decision Transformers with Working Memory. In Forty-first International Conference on Machine Learning
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Tell2Design: A Dataset for Language-Guided Floor Plan Generation. In Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) . 14680–14697
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Api-bank: A comprehensive benchmark for tool-augmented llms
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MoT: Memory-of-Thought Enables ChatGPT to Self-Improve. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing . 6354–6374
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Let’s verify step by step. In The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations
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Llm+ p: Empowering large language models with optimal planning proficiency
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Think-in-memory: Recalling and post-thinking enable llms with long-term memory
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Agentbench: Evaluating llms as agents
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Multimodal procedural planning via dual text-image prompting
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Clin: A continually learning language agent for rapid task adaptation and generalization
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Adapt: As-needed decomposition and planning with language models
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Toolllm: Facilitating large language models to master 16000+ real-world apis
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Androidinthewild: A large-scale dataset for android device control
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Code llama: Open foundation models for code
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Open-Ended Instructable Embodied Agents with Memory-Augmented Large Language Models. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2023 . 3468–3500
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Algorithm of thoughts: Enhancing exploration of ideas in large language models
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Hugginggpt: Solving ai tasks with chatgpt and its friends in hugging face
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Beyond human data: Scaling self-training for problem-solving with language models
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Planbench: An extensible benchmark for evaluating large language models on planning and reasoning about change
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The rise and potential of large language model based agents: A survey
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Coupling Large Language Models with Logic Programming for Robust and General Reasoning from Text. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023 . 5186–5219
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Agent lumos: Unified and modular training for open-source language agents
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Distilling script knowledge from large language models for constrained language planning
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Agenttuning: Enabling generalized agent abilities for llms
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Mobile-Env: Building Qualified Evaluation Benchmarks for LLM-GUI Interaction
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Interpretable math word problem solution generation via step-by-step planning
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Large language models as commonsense knowledge for large-scale task planning
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Language agent tree search unifies reasoning acting and planning in language models
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Webarena: A realistic web environment for building autonomous agents
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The pitfalls of next-token prediction
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Graph of thoughts: Solving elaborate problems with large language models. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence , Vol. 38. 17682–17690
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Windows agent arena: Evaluating multi-modal os agents at scale
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Iteration Head: A Mechanistic Study of Chain-of-Thought
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Mle-bench: Evaluating machine learning agents on machine learning engineering
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PARTNR: A Benchmark for Planning and Reasoning in Embodied Multi-agent Tasks
Matthew Chang, Gunjan Chhablani, Alexander Clegg, Mikael Dallaire Cote, Ruta Desai, Michal Hlavac, Vladimir Karashchuk, Jacob Krantz, Roozbeh Mottaghi, Priyam Parashar, et al · 2024
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TravelAgent: An AI assistant for personalized travel planning
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Interleaved Scene Graph for Interleaved Text-and-Image Generation Assessment
Dongping Chen, Ruoxi Chen, Shu Pu, Zhaoyi Liu, Yanru Wu, Caixi Chen, Benlin Liu, Yue Huang, Yao Wan, Pan Zhou, et al · 2024
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Cogvlm: Visual expert for pretrained language models
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Oscar: Operating system control via state-aware reasoning and re-planning
Xiaoqiang Wang and Bang Liu. 2024 · 2024
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Chain-of-thought reasoning without prompting
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A Theoretical Understanding of Self-Correction through In-context Alignment
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Jarvis-1: Open-world multi-task agents with memory-augmented multimodal language models
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Alphamath almost zero: process supervision without process
Guoxin Chen, Minpeng Liao, Chengxi Li, and Kai Fan. 2024e · 2024
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Pca-bench: Evaluating multimodal large language models in perception-cognition-action chain
Liang Chen, Yichi Zhang, Shuhuai Ren, Haozhe Zhao, Zefan Cai, Yuchi Wang, Peiyi Wang, Xiangdi Meng, Tianyu Liu, and Baobao Chang. 2024h · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Guicourse: From general vision language models to versatile gui agents
Wentong Chen, Junbo Cui, Jinyi Hu, Yujia Qin, Junjie Fang, Yue Zhao, Chongyi Wang, Jun Liu, Guirong Chen, Yupeng Huo, et al · 2024
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Self-play fine-tuning converts weak language models to strong language models
Zixiang Chen, Yihe Deng, Huizhuo Yuan, Kaixuan Ji, and Quanquan Gu. 2024c · 2024
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Agent-FLAN: Designing Data and Methods of Effective Agent Tuning for Large Language Models
Zehui Chen, Kuikun Liu, Qiuchen Wang, Wenwei Zhang, Jiangning Liu, Dahua Lin, Kai Chen, and Feng Zhao. 2024f · 2024
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How Far Are We to GPT-4V? Closing the Gap to Commercial Multimodal Models with Open-Source Suites
Zhe Chen, Weiyun Wang, Hao Tian, Shenglong Ye, Zhangwei Gao, Erfei Cui, Wenwen Tong, Kongzhi Hu, Jiapeng Luo, Zheng Ma, et al · 2024
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Seeclick: Harnessing gui grounding for advanced visual gui agents
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Cited alongside, same era.
Self-playing Adversarial Language Game Enhances LLM Reasoning
Pengyu Cheng, Tianhao Hu, Han Xu, Zhisong Zhang, Yong Dai, Lei Han, and Nan Du. 2024a · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
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Crafting Personalized Agents through Retrieval-Augmented Generation on Editable Memory Graphs. In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing . 4891–4906
Zheng Wang, Zhongyang Li, Zeren Jiang, Dandan Tu, and Wei Shi. 2024h · 2024
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Cycleresearcher: Improving automated research via automated review
Yixuan Weng, Minjun Zhu, Guangsheng Bao, Hongbo Zhang, Jindong Wang, Yue Zhang, and Linyi Yang. 2024 · 2024
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Can LLMs plan paths with extra hints from solvers?
Erik Wu and Sayan Mitra. 2024 · 2024
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ToolPlanner: A Tool Augmented LLM for Multi Granularity Instructions with Path Planning and Feedback. In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing . 18315–18339
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Vsp: Assessing the dual challenges of perception and reasoning in spatial planning tasks for vlms
Qiucheng Wu, Handong Zhao, Michael Saxon, Trung Bui, William Yang Wang, Yang Zhang, and Shiyu Chang. 2024f · 2024
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Thinking LLMs: General Instruction Following with Thought Generation
Tianhao Wu, Janice Lan, Weizhe Yuan, Jiantao Jiao, Jason Weston, and Sainbayar Sukhbaatar. 2024a · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Do language models plan ahead for future tokens?
Wilson Wu, John X Morris, and Lionel Levine. 2024c · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Self-play preference optimization for language model alignment
Yue Wu, Zhiqing Sun, Huizhuo Yuan, Kaixuan Ji, Yiming Yang, and Quanquan Gu. 2024d · 2024
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SELP: Generating Safe and Efficient Task Plans for Robot Agents with Large Language Models
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Protrix: Building models for planning and reasoning over tables with sentence context
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Agentgym: Evolving large language model-based agents across diverse environments
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Enhancing LLM Reasoning via Critique Models with Test-Time and Training-Time Supervision
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Flowbench: Revisiting and benchmarking workflow-guided planning for llm-based agents
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A human-like reasoning framework for multi-phases planning task with large language models
Chengxing Xie and Difan Zou. 2024 · 2024
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Revealing the Barriers of Language Agents in Planning
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Osworld: Benchmarking multimodal agents for open-ended tasks in real computer environments
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Monte Carlo Tree Search Boosts Reasoning via Iterative Preference Learning
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Theagentcompany: benchmarking llm agents on consequential real world tasks
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Do Large Language Models Latently Perform Multi-Hop Reasoning?
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ReAct Meets ActRe: When Language Agents Enjoy Training Data Autonomy
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Flow of Reasoning: Training LLMs for Divergent Problem Solving with Minimal Examples
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Large language models are semi-parametric reinforcement learning agents
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Rest-mcts*: Llm self-training via process reward guided tree search
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PDDLEGO: Iterative Planning in Textual Environments
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Proc2pddl: Open-domain planning representations from texts
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Ask-before-plan: Proactive language agents for real-world planning
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Chain of Preference Optimization: Improving Chain-of-Thought Reasoning in LLMs
Xuan Zhang, Chao Du, Tianyu Pang, Qian Liu, Wei Gao, and Min Lin. 2024d · 2024
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Small Language Models Need Strong Verifiers to Self-Correct Reasoning
Yunxiang Zhang, Muhammad Khalifa, Lajanugen Logeswaran, Jaekyeom Kim, Moontae Lee, Honglak Lee, and Lu Wang. 2024h · 2024
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Learn beyond the answer: Training language models with reflection for mathematical reasoning
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Gpt-4v (ision) is a generalist web agent, if grounded
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Natural plan: Benchmarking llms on natural language planning
Huaixiu Steven Zheng, Swaroop Mishra, Hugh Zhang, Xinyun Chen, Minmin Chen, Azade Nova, Le Hou, Heng-Tze Cheng, Quoc V Le, Ed H Chi, et al · 2024
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Agentstudio: A toolkit for building general virtual agents
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Thoughts to target: Enhance planning for target-driven conversation. In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing . 21108–21124
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A survey on model compression for large language models
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Knowagent: Knowledge-augmented planning for llm-based agents
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Planetarium: A rigorous benchmark for translating text to structured planning languages
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A survey on large language models for automated planning
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OpenCodeReasoning: Advancing Data Distillation for Competitive Coding
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Shuai Bai, Keqin Chen, Xuejing Liu, Jialin Wang, Wenbin Ge, Sibo Song, Kai Dang, Peng Wang, Shijie Wang, Jun Tang, et al · 2025
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A3: Android Agent Arena for Mobile GUI Agents
Yuxiang Chai, Hanhao Li, Jiayu Zhang, Liang Liu, Guangyi Liu, Guozhi Wang, Shuai Ren, Siyuan Huang, and Hongsheng Li. 2025 · 2025
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Scaling Autonomous Agents via Automatic Reward Modeling And Planning
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Atlas: Agent tuning via learning critical steps
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Kun Chu, Xufeng Zhao, Cornelius Weber, and Stefan Wermter. 2025 · 2025
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Hierarchical Planning for Complex Tasks with Knowledge Graph-RAG and Symbolic Verification
Cristina Cornelio, Flavio Petruzzellis, and Pietro Lio. 2025 · 2025
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AlphaMaze: Enhancing Large Language Models’ Spatial Intelligence via GRPO
Alan Dao and Dinh Bach Vu. 2025 · 2025
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Kounianhua Du, Hanjing Wang, Jianxing Liu, Jizheng Chen, Xinyi Dai, Yasheng Wang, Ruiming Tang, Yong Yu, Jun Wang, and Weinan Zhang. 2025 · 2025
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Leveraging Vision-Language Models for Visual Grounding and Analysis of Automotive UI
Benjamin Raphael Ernhofer, Daniil Prokhorov, Jannica Langner, and Dominik Bollmann. 2025 · 2025
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SynWorld: Virtual Scenario Synthesis for Agentic Action Knowledge Refinement
Runnan Fang, Xiaobin Wang, Yuan Liang, Shuofei Qiao, Jialong Wu, Zekun Xi, Ningyu Zhang, Yong Jiang, Pengjun Xie, Fei Huang, et al · 2025
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ReTool: Reinforcement Learning for Strategic Tool Use in LLMs
Jiazhan Feng, Shijue Huang, Xingwei Qu, Ge Zhang, Yujia Qin, Baoquan Zhong, Chengquan Jiang, Jinxin Chi, and Wanjun Zhong. 2025b · 2025
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Group-in-Group Policy Optimization for LLM Agent Training
Lang Feng, Zhenghai Xue, Tingcong Liu, and Bo An. 2025c · 2025
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Reflective Planning: Vision-Language Models for Multi-Stage Long-Horizon Robotic Manipulation
Yunhai Feng, Jiaming Han, Zhuoran Yang, Xiangyu Yue, Sergey Levine, and Jianlan Luo. 2025a · 2025
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AgentRefine: Enhancing Agent Generalization through Refinement Tuning
Dayuan Fu, Keqing He, Yejie Wang, Wentao Hong, Zhuoma Gongque, Weihao Zeng, Wei Wang, Jingang Wang, Xunliang Cai, and Weiran Xu. 2025 · 2025
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UIShift: Enhancing VLM-based GUI Agents through Self-supervised Reinforcement Learning
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An Efficient Context-Dependent Memory Framework for LLM-Centric Agents. In Proceedings of the 2025 Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 3: Industry Track) . 1055–1069
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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Verilogcoder: Autonomous verilog coding agents with graph-based planning and abstract syntax tree (ast)-based waveform tracing tool. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence , Vol. 39. 300–307
Chia-Tung Ho, Haoxing Ren, and Brucek Khailany. 2025 · 2025
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ScaleTrack: Scaling and back-tracking Automated GUI Agents
Jing Huang, Zhixiong Zeng, Wenkang Han, Yufeng Zhong, Liming Zheng, Shuai Fu, Jingyuan Chen, and Lin Ma. 2025b · 2025
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SpiritSight Agent: Advanced GUI Agent with One Look
Zhiyuan Huang, Ziming Cheng, Junting Pan, Zhaohui Hou, and Mingjie Zhan. 2025a · 2025
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Bo Jiang, Shaoyu Chen, Qian Zhang, Wenyu Liu, and Xinggang Wang. 2025 · 2025
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Moxin Li, Yuantao Zhang, Wenjie Wang, Wentao Shi, Zhuo Liu, Fuli Feng, and Tat-Seng Chua. 2025 · 2025
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QLASS: Boosting Language Agent Inference via Q-Guided Stepwise Search
Zongyu Lin, Yao Tang, Xingcheng Yao, Da Yin, Ziniu Hu, Yizhou Sun, and Kai-Wei Chang. 2025 · 2025
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Divide, Optimize, Merge: Fine-Grained LLM Agent Optimization at Scale
Jiale Liu, Yifan Zeng, Shaokun Zhang, Chi Zhang, Malte Højmark-Bertelsen, Marie Normann Gadeberg, Huazheng Wang, and Qingyun Wu. 2025b · 2025
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Doubly Robust Monte Carlo Tree Search
Manqing Liu and Andrew L Beam. 2025 · 2025
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UI-E2I-Synth: Advancing GUI Grounding with Large-Scale Instruction Synthesis
Xinyi Liu, Xiaoyi Zhang, Ziyun Zhang, and Yan Lu. 2025c · 2025
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InfiGUI-R1: Advancing Multimodal GUI Agents from Reactive Actors to Deliberative Reasoners
Yuhang Liu, Pengxiang Li, Congkai Xie, Xavier Hu, Xiaotian Han, Shengyu Zhang, Hongxia Yang, and Fei Wu. 2025a · 2025
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UI-R1: Enhancing Action Prediction of GUI Agents by Reinforcement Learning
Zhengxi Lu, Yuxiang Chai, Yaxuan Guo, Xi Yin, Liang Liu, Hao Wang, Guanjing Xiong, and Hongsheng Li. 2025 · 2025
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Large Language Model Agent: A Survey on Methodology, Applications and Challenges
Junyu Luo, Weizhi Zhang, Ye Yuan, Yusheng Zhao, Junwei Yang, Yiyang Gu, Bohan Wu, Binqi Chen, Ziyue Qiao, Qingqing Long, et al · 2025
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Flow-of-Options: Diversified and Improved LLM Reasoning by Thinking Through Options
Lakshmi Nair, Ian Trase, and Mark Kim. 2025 · 2025
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ToolComp: A Multi-Tool Reasoning & Process Supervision Benchmark
Vaskar Nath, Pranav Raja, Claire Yoon, and Sean Hendryx. 2025 · 2025
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CoAT: Chain-of-Associated-Thoughts Framework for Enhancing Large Language Models Reasoning
Jianfeng Pan, Senyou Deng, and Shaomang Huang. 2025 · 2025
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Adaptive Graph of Thoughts: Test-Time Adaptive Reasoning Unifying Chain, Tree, and Graph Structures
Tushar Pandey, Ara Ghukasyan, Oktay Goktas, and Santosh Kumar Radha. 2025 · 2025
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ToolRL: Reward is All Tool Learning Needs
Cheng Qian, Emre Can Acikgoz, Qi He, Hongru Wang, Xiusi Chen, Dilek Hakkani-Tür, Gokhan Tur, and Heng Ji. 2025 · 2025
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Agentic Knowledgeable Self-awareness
Shuofei Qiao, Zhisong Qiu, Baochang Ren, Xiaobin Wang, Xiangyuan Ru, Ningyu Zhang, Xiang Chen, Yong Jiang, Pengjun Xie, Fei Huang, et al · 2025
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UI-TARS: Pioneering Automated GUI Interaction with Native Agents
Yujia Qin, Yining Ye, Junjie Fang, Haoming Wang, Shihao Liang, Shizuo Tian, Junda Zhang, Jiahao Li, Yunxin Li, Shijue Huang, et al · 2025
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Ibne Farabi Shihab, Sanjeda Akter, and Anuj Sharma. 2025 · 2025
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DebFlow: Automating Agent Creation via Agent Debate
Jinwei Su, Yinghui Xia, Ronghua Shi, Jianhui Wang, Jianuo Huang, Yijin Wang, Tianyu Shi, Yang Jingsong, and Lewei He. 2025 · 2025
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Yuhong Sun, Zhangyue Yin, Xuanjing Huang, Xipeng Qiu, and Hui Zhao. 2025 · 2025
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Worldcoder, a model-based llm agent: Building world models by writing code and interacting with the environment
Hao Tang, Darren Key, and Kevin Ellis. 2025 · 2025
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Marcus Tantakoun, Xiaodan Zhu, and Christian Muise. 2025 · 2025
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OTC: Optimal Tool Calls via Reinforcement Learning
Hongru Wang, Cheng Qian, Wanjun Zhong, Xiusi Chen, Jiahao Qiu, Shijue Huang, Bowen Jin, Mengdi Wang, Kam-Fai Wong, and Heng Ji. 2025b · 2025
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MP-GUI: Modality Perception with MLLMs for GUI Understanding
Ziwei Wang, Weizhi Chen, Leyang Yang, Sheng Zhou, Shengchu Zhao, Hanbei Zhan, Jiongchao Jin, Liangcheng Li, Zirui Shao, and Jiajun Bu. 2025a · 2025
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PlanGenLLMs: A Modern Survey of LLM Planning Capabilities
Hui Wei, Zihao Zhang, Shenghua He, Tian Xia, Shijia Pan, and Fei Liu. 2025b · 2025
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SWE-RL: Advancing LLM Reasoning via Reinforcement Learning on Open Software Evolution
Yuxiang Wei, Olivier Duchenne, Jade Copet, Quentin Carbonneaux, Lingming Zhang, Daniel Fried, Gabriel Synnaeve, Rishabh Singh, and Sida I Wang. 2025a · 2025
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GUI-R1: A Generalist R1-Style Vision-Language Action Model For GUI Agents
Xiaobo Xia and Run Luo. 2025 · 2025
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Magma: A foundation model for multimodal ai agents
Jianwei Yang, Reuben Tan, Qianhui Wu, Ruijie Zheng, Baolin Peng, Yongyuan Liang, Yu Gu, Mu Cai, Seonghyeon Ye, Joel Jang, et al · 2025
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Rui Yang, Hanyang Chen, Junyu Zhang, Mark Zhao, Cheng Qian, Kangrui Wang, Qineng Wang, Teja Venkat Koripella, Marziyeh Movahedi, Manling Li, et al · 2025
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Step Back to Leap Forward: Self-Backtracking for Boosting Reasoning of Language Models
Xiao-Wen Yang, Xuan-Yi Zhu, Wen-Da Wei, Ding-Chu Zhang, Jie-Jing Shao, Zhi Zhou, Lan-Zhe Guo, and Yu-Feng Li. 2025c · 2025
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Think Smarter not Harder: Adaptive Reasoning with Inference Aware Optimization
Zishun Yu, Tengyu Xu, Di Jin, Karthik Abinav Sankararaman, Yun He, Wenxuan Zhou, Zhouhao Zeng, Eryk Helenowski, Chen Zhu, Sinong Wang, et al · 2025
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Agent-R: Training Language Model Agents to Reflect via Iterative Self-Training
Siyu Yuan, Zehui Chen, Zhiheng Xi, Junjie Ye, Zhengyin Du, and Jiecao Chen. 2025a · 2025
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Enhancing Visual Grounding for GUI Agents via Self-Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning
Xinbin Yuan, Jian Zhang, Kaixin Li, Zhuoxuan Cai, Lujian Yao, Jie Chen, Enguang Wang, Qibin Hou, Jinwei Chen, Peng-Tao Jiang, et al · 2025
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TongUI: Building Generalized GUI Agents by Learning from Multimodal Web Tutorials
Bofei Zhang, Zirui Shang, Zhi Gao, Wang Zhang, Rui Xie, Xiaojian Ma, Tao Yuan, Xinxiao Wu, Song-Chun Zhu, and Qing Li. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.
Baining Zhao, Ziyou Wang, Jianjie Fang, Chen Gao, Fanhang Man, Jinqiang Cui, Xin Wang, Xinlei Chen, Yong Li, and Wenwu Zhu. 2025 · 2025
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