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Tool-integrated reasoning (TIR) augments large language models (LLMs) with the ability to invoke external tools during long-form reasoning, such as search engines and code interpreters, to solve tasks beyond the capabilities of internal reasoning.
Theory and application of reward shaping in reinforcement learning
Adam Daniel Laud · 2004
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Cognitive offloading
Evan F Risko and Sam J Gilbert · 2016
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Proximal policy optimization algorithms
John Schulman, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov · 2017
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A path towards autonomous machine intelligence version 0.9. 2, 2022-06-27
Yann LeCun · 2022
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Integrating pretrained language model for dialogue policy evaluation
Hongru Wang, Huimin Wang, Zezhong Wang, and Kam-Fai Wong · 2022
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback, 2022
Long Ouyang, Jeff Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll L. Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, John Schulman, Jacob Hilton, Fraser Kelton, Luke Miller, Maddie Simens, Amanda Askell, Peter Welinder, Paul Christiano, Jan Leike, and Ryan Lowe · 2022
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models, 2023
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Large language models as source planner for personalized knowledge-grounded dialogues
Hongru Wang, Minda Hu, Yang Deng, Rui Wang, Fei Mi, Weichao Wang, Yasheng Wang, Wai-Chung Kwan, Irwin King, and Kam-Fai Wong · 2023
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CREATOR: Tool creation for disentangling abstract and concrete reasoning of large language models
Cheng Qian, Chi Han, Yi Fung, Yujia Qin, Zhiyuan Liu, and Heng Ji · 2023
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Toolllm: Facilitating large language models to master 16000+ real-world apis, 2023
Yujia Qin, Shihao Liang, Yining Ye, Kunlun Zhu, Lan Yan, Yaxi Lu, Yankai Lin, Xin Cong, Xiangru Tang, Bill Qian, Sihan Zhao, Lauren Hong, Runchu Tian, Ruobing Xie, Jie Zhou, Mark Gerstein, Dahai Li, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun · 2023
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Openai o1 system card, 2024
OpenAI Team · 2024
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O1 replication journey: A strategic progress report – part 1, 2024
Yiwei Qin, Xuefeng Li, Haoyang Zou, Yixiu Liu, Shijie Xia, Zhen Huang, Yixin Ye, Weizhe Yuan, Hector Liu, Yuanzhi Li, and Pengfei Liu · 2024
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ToRA: A tool-integrated reasoning agent for mathematical problem solving
Zhibin Gou, Zhihong Shao, Yeyun Gong, yelong shen, Yujiu Yang, Minlie Huang, Nan Duan, and Weizhu Chen · 2024
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Empowering large language models: Tool learning for real-world interaction
Hongru Wang, Yujia Qin, Yankai Lin, Jeff Z. Pan, and Kam-Fai Wong · 2024
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Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models
Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Xiao Bi, Haowei Zhang, Mingchuan Zhang, YK Li, Y Wu, et al · 2024
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Hongru Wang, Rui Wang, Boyang Xue, Heming Xia, Jingtao Cao, Zeming Liu, Jeff Z. Pan, and Kam-Fai Wong · 2024
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Escapebench: Pushing language models to think outside the box
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Xuefeng Li, Haoyang Zou, and Pengfei Liu · 2025
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Research: Learning to reason with search for llms via reinforcement learning, 2025
Mingyang Chen, Tianpeng Li, Haoze Sun, Yijie Zhou, Chenzheng Zhu, Haofen Wang, Jeff Z. Pan, Wen Zhang, Huajun Chen, Fan Yang, Zenan Zhou, and Weipeng Chen · 2025
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Cheng Qian, Peixuan Han, Qinyu Luo, Bingxiang He, Xiusi Chen, Yuji Zhang, Hongyi Du, Jiarui Yao, Xiaocheng Yang, Denghui Zhang, et al · 2024
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Yuanhao Shen, Xiaodan Zhu, and Lei Chen · 2024
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning, 2025
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Qwen Team · 2025
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Self-reasoning language models: Unfold hidden reasoning chains with few reasoning catalyst
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Harnessing the reasoning economy: A survey of efficient reasoning for large language models, 2025
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Thinkprune: Pruning long chain-of-thought of llms via reinforcement learning, 2025
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