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Current Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit a critical modal disconnect: they possess vast semantic knowledge but lack the procedural grounding to respect the immutable laws of the physical world.
Model-based reinforcement learning for atari
Lukasz Kaiser, Mohammad Babaeizadeh, Piotr Milos, Blazej Osinski, Roy H Campbell, Konrad Czechowski, Dumitru Erhan, Chelsea Finn, Piotr Kozakowski, Sergey Levine, et al. 2019 · 1903
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Predictive coding
Yanping Huang and Rajesh PN Rao. 2011 · 2011
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Does predictive coding have a future?
Karl Friston. 2018 · 2018
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David Ha and Jürgen Schmidhuber. 2018 · 2018
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World model as a graph: Learning latent landmarks for planning
Lunjun Zhang, Ge Yang, and Bradly C Stadie. 2021 · 2021
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Dreamerpro: Reconstruction-free model-based reinforcement learning with prototypical representations
Fei Deng, Ingook Jang, and Sungjin Ahn. 2022 · 2022
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al. 2022 · 2022
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React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models
Shunyu Yao, Jeffrey Zhao, Dian Yu, Nan Du, Izhak Shafran, Karthik R Narasimhan, and Yuan Cao. 2022 · 2022
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V-jepa: Latent video prediction for visual representation learning
Adrien Bardes, Quentin Garrido, Jean Ponce, Xinlei Chen, Michael Rabbat, Yann LeCun, Mido Assran, and Nicolas Ballas. 2023 · 2023
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Dream to generalize: zero-shot model-based reinforcement learning for unseen visual distractions
Jeongsoo Ha, Kyungsoo Kim, and Yusung Kim. 2023 · 2023
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Mastering diverse domains through world models
Danijar Hafner, Jurgis Pasukonis, Jimmy Ba, and Timothy Lillicrap. 2023 · 2023
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Memory matters: The need to improve long-term memory in llm-agents
Kostas Hatalis, Despina Christou, Joshua Myers, Steven Jones, Keith Lambert, Adam Amos-Binks, Zohreh Dannenhauer, and Dustin Dannenhauer. 2023 · 2023
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Gaia-1: A generative world model for autonomous driving
Anthony Hu, Lloyd Russell, Hudson Yeo, Zak Murez, George Fedoseev, Alex Kendall, Jamie Shotton, and Gianluca Corrado. 2023 · 2023
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Adriver-i: A general world model for autonomous driving
Fan Jia, Weixin Mao, Yingfei Liu, Yucheng Zhao, Yuqing Wen, Chi Zhang, Xiangyu Zhang, and Tiancai Wang. 2023 · 2023
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Camel: Communicative agents for" mind" exploration of large language model society
Guohao Li, Hasan Hammoud, Hani Itani, Dmitrii Khizbullin, and Bernard Ghanem. 2023 · 2023
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Self-refine: Iterative refinement with self-feedback
Aman Madaan, Niket Tandon, Prakhar Gupta, Skyler Hallinan, Luyu Gao, Sarah Wiegreffe, Uri Alon, Nouha Dziri, Shrimai Prabhumoye, Yiming Yang, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Structured world models from human videos
Russell Mendonca, Shikhar Bahl, and Deepak Pathak. 2023 · 2023
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Generative agents: Interactive simulacra of human behavior
Joon Sung Park, Joseph O’Brien, Carrie Jun Cai, Meredith Ringel Morris, Percy Liang, and Michael S Bernstein. 2023 · 2023
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Toolformer: Language models can teach themselves to use tools
Timo Schick, Jane Dwivedi-Yu, Roberto Dessì, Roberta Raileanu, Maria Lomeli, Eric Hambro, Luke Zettlemoyer, Nicola Cancedda, and Thomas Scialom. 2023 · 2023
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Reflexion: Language agents with verbal reinforcement learning
Noah Shinn, Federico Cassano, Ashwin Gopinath, Karthik Narasimhan, and Shunyu Yao. 2023 · 2023
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Voyager: An open-ended embodied agent with large language models
Guanzhi Wang, Yuqi Xie, Yunfan Jiang, Ajay Mandlekar, Chaowei Xiao, Yuke Zhu, Linxi Fan, and Anima Anandkumar. 2023 · 2023
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Daydreamer: World models for physical robot learning
Philipp Wu, Alejandro Escontrela, Danijar Hafner, Pieter Abbeel, and Ken Goldberg. 2023 · 2023
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Language models meet world models: Embodied experiences enhance language models
Jiannan Xiang, Tianhua Tao, Yi Gu, Tianmin Shu, Zirui Wang, Zichao Yang, and Zhiting Hu. 2023 · 2023
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Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models
Shunyu Yao, Dian Yu, Jeffrey Zhao, Izhak Shafran, Tom Griffiths, Yuan Cao, and Karthik Narasimhan. 2023 · 2023
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Trafficbots: Towards world models for autonomous driving simulation and motion prediction
Zhejun Zhang, Alexander Liniger, Dengxin Dai, Fisher Yu, and Luc Van Gool. 2023 · 2023
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Synapse: Trajectory-as-exemplar prompting with memory for computer control
Longtao Zheng, Rundong Wang, Xinrun Wang, and Bo An. 2023 · 2023
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Rt-2: Vision-language-action models transfer web knowledge to robotic control
Brianna Zitkovich, Tianhe Yu, Sichun Xu, Peng Xu, Ted Xiao, Fei Xia, Jialin Wu, Paul Wohlhart, Stefan Welker, Ayzaan Wahid, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Arigraph: Learning knowledge graph world models with episodic memory for llm agents
Petr Anokhin, Nikita Semenov, Artyom Sorokin, Dmitry Evseev, Andrey Kravchenko, Mikhail Burtsev, and Evgeny Burnaev. 2024 · 2024
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Lumiere: A space-time diffusion model for video generation
Omer Bar-Tal, Hila Chefer, Omer Tov, Charles Herrmann, Roni Paiss, Shiran Zada, Ariel Ephrat, Junhwa Hur, Guanghui Liu, Amit Raj, et al. 2024 · 2024
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Video generation models as world simulators
Tim Brooks, Bill Peebles, Connor Holmes, Will DePue, Yufei Guo, Li Jing, David Schnurr, Joe Taylor, Troy Luhman, Eric Luhman, et al. 2024 · 2024
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Genie: Generative interactive environments
Jake Bruce, Michael D Dennis, Ashley Edwards, Jack Parker-Holder, Yuge Shi, Edward Hughes, Matthew Lai, Aditi Mavalankar, Richie Steigerwald, Chris Apps, et al. 2024 · 2024
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Web agents with world models: Learning and leveraging environment dynamics in web navigation
Hyungjoo Chae, Namyoung Kim, Kai Tzu-iunn Ong, Minju Gwak, Gwanwoo Song, Jihoon Kim, Sunghwan Kim, Dongha Lee, and Jinyoung Yeo. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Magentic-one: A generalist multi-agent system for solving complex tasks
Adam Fourney, Gagan Bansal, Hussein Mozannar, Cheng Tan, Eduardo Salinas, Friederike Niedtner, Grace Proebsting, Griffin Bassman, Jack Gerrits, Jacob Alber, et al. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Long term memory: The foundation of ai self-evolution
Xun Jiang, Feng Li, Han Zhao, Jiahao Qiu, Jiaying Wang, Jun Shao, Shihao Xu, Shu Zhang, Weiling Chen, Xavier Tang, et al. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Legomem: Modular procedural memory for multi-agent llm systems for workflow automation
Dongge Han, Camille Couturier, Daniel Madrigal Diaz, Xuchao Zhang, Victor Rühle, and Saravan Rajmohan. 2025 · 2025
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Embodied web agents: Bridging physical-digital realms for integrated agent intelligence
Yining Hong, Rui Sun, Bingxuan Li, Xingcheng Yao, Maxine Wu, Alexander Chien, Da Yin, Ying Nian Wu, Zhecan James Wang, and Kai-Wei Chang. 2025 · 2025
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Licomemory: Lightweight and cognitive agentic memory for efficient long-term reasoning
Zhengjun Huang, Zhoujin Tian, Qintian Guo, Fangyuan Zhang, Yingli Zhou, Di Jiang, and Xiaofang Zhou. 2025 · 2025
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Embodied world models emerge from navigational task in open-ended environments
Li Jin and Liu Jia. 2025 · 2025
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Hao Liu, Wilson Yan, Matei Zaharia, and Pieter Abbeel. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Generative agent simulations of 1,000 people
Joon Sung Park, Carolyn Q Zou, Aaron Shaw, Benjamin Mako Hill, Carrie Cai, Meredith Ringel Morris, Robb Willer, Percy Liang, and Michael S Bernstein. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Genie 2: A large-scale foundation world model
J Parker-Holder, P Ball, J Bruce, V Dasagi, K Holsheimer, C Kaplanis, A Moufarek, G Scully, J Shar, J Shi, et al. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Gorilla: Large language model connected with massive apis
Shishir G Patil, Tianjun Zhang, Xin Wang, and Joseph E Gonzalez. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Agent planning with world knowledge model
Shuofei Qiao, Runnan Fang, Ningyu Zhang, Yuqi Zhu, Xiang Chen, Shumin Deng, Yong Jiang, Pengjun Xie, Fei Huang, and Huajun Chen. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Worldcoder, a model-based llm agent: Building world models by writing code and interacting with the environment
Hao Tang, Darren Key, and Kevin Ellis. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
A survey on self-evolution of large language models
Zhengwei Tao, Ting-En Lin, Xiancai Chen, Hangyu Li, Yuchuan Wu, Yongbin Li, Zhi Jin, Fei Huang, Dacheng Tao, and Jingren Zhou. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Autogen: Enabling next-gen llm applications via multi-agent conversations
Qingyun Wu, Gagan Bansal, Jieyu Zhang, Yiran Wu, Beibin Li, Erkang Zhu, Li Jiang, Xiaoyun Zhang, Shaokun Zhang, Jiale Liu, et al. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Lingdong Kong, Wesley Yang, Jianbiao Mei, Youquan Liu, Ao Liang, Dekai Zhu, Dongyue Lu, Wei Yin, Xiaotao Hu, Mingkai Jia, et al. 2025 · 2025
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Large model empowered embodied ai: A survey on decision-making and embodied learning
Wenlong Liang, Rui Zhou, Yang Ma, Bing Zhang, Songlin Li, Yijia Liao, and Ping Kuang. 2025 · 2025
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Webcoach: Self-evolving web agents with cross-session memory guidance
Genglin Liu, Shijie Geng, Sha Li, Hejie Cui, Sarah Zhang, Xin Liu, and Tianyi Liu. 2025 · 2025
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A survey: Learning embodied intelligence from physical simulators and world models
Xiaoxiao Long, Qingrui Zhao, Kaiwen Zhang, Zihao Zhang, Dingrui Wang, Yumeng Liu, Zhengjie Shu, Yi Lu, Shouzheng Wang, Xinzhe Wei, et al. 2025 · 2025
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R-wom: Retrieval-augmented world model for computer-use agents
Kai Mei, Jiang Guo, Shuaichen Chang, Mingwen Dong, Dongkyu Lee, Xing Niu, and Jiarong Jiang. 2025 · 2025
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Wmnav: Integrating vision-language models into world models for object goal navigation
Dujun Nie, Xianda Guo, Yiqun Duan, Ruijun Zhang, and Long Chen. 2025 · 2025
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Reasoningbank: Scaling agent self-evolving with reasoning memory
Siru Ouyang, Jun Yan, I Hsu, Yanfei Chen, Ke Jiang, Zifeng Wang, Rujun Han, Long T Le, Samira Daruki, Xiangru Tang, et al. 2025 · 2025
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Position: Episodic memory is the missing piece for long-term llm agents
Mathis Pink, Qinyuan Wu, Vy Ai Vo, Javier Turek, Jianing Mu, Alexander Huth, and Mariya Toneva. 2025 · 2025
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General agents need world models
Jonathan Richens, Tom Everitt, and David Abel. 2025 · 2025
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Meminsight: Autonomous memory augmentation for llm agents
Rana Salama, Jason Cai, Michelle Yuan, Anna Currey, Monica Sunkara, Yi Zhang, and Yassine Benajiba. 2025 · 2025
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Beyond pipelines: A survey of the paradigm shift toward model-native agentic ai
Jitao Sang, Jinlin Xiao, Jiarun Han, Jilin Chen, Xiaoyi Chen, Shuyu Wei, Yongjie Sun, and Yuhang Wang. 2025 · 2025
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World-aware planning narratives enhance large vision-language model planner
Junhao Shi, Zhaoye Fei, Siyin Wang, Qipeng Guo, Jingjing Gong, and Xipeng QIu. 2025 · 2025
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Agent kb: Leveraging cross-domain experience for agentic problem solving
Xiangru Tang, Tianrui Qin, Tianhao Peng, Ziyang Zhou, Daniel Shao, Tingting Du, Xinming Wei, Peng Xia, Fang Wu, He Zhu, et al. 2025 · 2025
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Linear spatial world models emerge in large language models
Matthieu Tehenan, Christian Bolivar Moya, Tenghai Long, and Guang Lin. 2025 · 2025
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Benchmarking world-model learning
Archana Warrier, Dat Nyugen, Michelangelo Naim, Moksh Jain, Yichao Liang, Karen Schroeder, Cambridge Yang, Joshua B Tenenbaum, Sebastian Vollmer, Kevin Ellis, et al. 2025 · 2025
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Evo-memory: Benchmarking llm agent test-time learning with self-evolving memory
Tianxin Wei, Noveen Sachdeva, Benjamin Coleman, Zhankui He, Yuanchen Bei, Xuying Ning, Mengting Ai, Yunzhe Li, Jingrui He, Ed H Chi, et al. 2025 · 2025
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The rise and potential of large language model based agents: A survey
Zhiheng Xi, Wenxiang Chen, Xin Guo, Wei He, Yiwen Ding, Boyang Hong, Ming Zhang, Junzhe Wang, Senjie Jin, Enyu Zhou, et al. 2025 · 2025
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A-mem: Agentic memory for llm agents
Wujiang Xu, Zujie Liang, Kai Mei, Hang Gao, Juntao Tan, and Yongfeng Zhang. 2025 · 2025
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Sikuan Yan, Xiufeng Yang, Zuchao Huang, Ercong Nie, Zifeng Ding, Zonggen Li, Xiaowen Ma, Kristian Kersting, Jeff Z Pan, Hinrich Schütze, et al. 2025 · 2025
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Coarse-to-fine grounded memory for llm agent planning
Wei Yang, Jinwei Xiao, Hongming Zhang, Qingyang Zhang, Yanna Wang, and Bo Xu. 2025b · 2025
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Navmorph: A self-evolving world model for vision-and-language navigation in continuous environments
Xuan Yao, Junyu Gao, and Changsheng Xu. 2025 · 2025
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Ewmbench: Evaluating scene, motion, and semantic quality in embodied world models
Hu Yue, Siyuan Huang, Yue Liao, Shengcong Chen, Pengfei Zhou, Liliang Chen, Maoqing Yao, and Guanghui Ren. 2025 · 2025
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Flare: Robot learning with implicit world modeling
Ruijie Zheng, Jing Wang, Scott Reed, Johan Bjorck, Yu Fang, Fengyuan Hu, Joel Jang, Kaushil Kundalia, Zongyu Lin, Loic Magne, et al. 2025 · 2025
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P3nav: A unified framework for embodied navigation integrating perception, planning, and prediction
Yufeng Zhong, Chengjian Feng, Feng Yan, Fanfan Liu, Liming Zheng, and Lin Ma. 2025 · 2025
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Current agents fail to leverage world model as tool for foresight
Cheng Qian, Emre Can Acikgoz, Bingxuan Li, Xiusi Chen, Yuji Zhang, Bingxiang He, Qinyu Luo, Dilek Hakkani-Tür, Gokhan Tur, Yunzhu Li, et al. 2026 · 2026
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