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Training reasoning language models (LMs) with reinforcement learning (RL) for one-hot correctness inherently relies on the LM being able to explore and solve its task with some chance at initialization.
Playing atari with deep reinforcement learning
Volodymyr Mnih, Koray Kavukcuoglu, David Silver, Alex Graves, Ioannis Antonoglou, Daan Wierstra, and Martin Riedmiller · 2013
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Distilling the knowledge in a neural network
Geoffrey Hinton, Oriol Vinyals, and Jeff Dean · 2015
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Unifying count-based exploration and intrinsic motivation
Marc Bellemare, Sriram Srinivasan, Georg Ostrovski, Tom Schaul, David Saxton, and Remi Munos · 2016
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Asynchronous methods for deep reinforcement learning
Volodymyr Mnih, Adria Puigdomenech Badia, Mehdi Mirza, Alex Graves, Timothy Lillicrap, Tim Harley, David Silver, and Koray Kavukcuoglu · 2016
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Proximal policy optimization algorithms
John Schulman, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov · 2017
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Decoupled weight decay regularization
I Loshchilov · 2017
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Learning montezuma’s revenge from a single demonstration
Tim Salimans and Richard Chen · 2018
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Yuval Tassa, Yotam Doron, Alistair Muldal, Tom Erez, Yazhe Li, Diego de Las Casas, David Budden, Abbas Abdolmaleki, Josh Merel, Andrew Lefrancq, et al · 2018
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Go-explore: a new approach for hard-exploration problems
Adrien Ecoffet, Joost Huizinga, Joel Lehman, Kenneth O Stanley, and Jeff Clune · 2019
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Solving rubik’s cube with a robot hand
Ilge Akkaya, Marcin Andrychowicz, Maciek Chociej, Mateusz Litwin, Bob McGrew, Arthur Petron, Alex Paino, Matthias Plappert, Glenn Powell, Raphael Ribas, et al · 2019
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Trl: Transformer reinforcement learning
Leandro von Werra, Younes Belkada, Lewis Tunstall, Edward Beeching, Tristan Thrush, Nathan Lambert, Shengyi Huang, Kashif Rasul, and Quentin Gallouédec · 2020
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Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math dataset
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul Arora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
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Explicable reward design for reinforcement learning agents
Rati Devidze, Goran Radanovic, Parameswaran Kamalaruban, and Adish Singla · 2021
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Large language models are zero-shot reasoners
Takeshi Kojima, Shixiang Shane Gu, Machel Reid, Yutaka Matsuo, and Yusuke Iwasawa · 2022
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Star: Bootstrapping reasoning with reasoning, 2022
Eric Zelikman, Yuhuai Wu, Jesse Mu, and Noah D. Goodman · 2022
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Math-shepherd: Verify and reinforce llms step-by-step without human annotations
Peiyi Wang, Lei Li, Zhihong Shao, RX Xu, Damai Dai, Yifei Li, Deli Chen, Yu Wu, and Zhifang Sui · 2023
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Hunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yura Burda, Harri Edwards, Bowen Baker, Teddy Lee, Jan Leike, John Schulman, Ilya Sutskever, and Karl Cobbe · 2023
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Lighteval: A lightweight framework for llm evaluation, 2023
Clémentine Fourrier, Nathan Habib, Hynek Kydlíček, Thomas Wolf, and Lewis Tunstall · 2023
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Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al · 2023
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Efficient memory management for large language model serving with pagedattention
Woosuk Kwon, Zhuohan Li, Siyuan Zhuang, Ying Sheng, Lianmin Zheng, Cody Hao Yu, Joseph E. Gonzalez, Hao Zhang, and Ion Stoica · 2023
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Scaling llm test-time compute optimally can be more effective than scaling model parameters
Charlie Snell, Jaehoon Lee, Kelvin Xu, and Aviral Kumar · 2024
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Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models
Livecodebench: Holistic and contamination free evaluation of large language models for code
Naman Jain, King Han, Alex Gu, Wen-Ding Li, Fanjia Yan, Tianjun Zhang, Sida Wang, Armando Solar-Lezama, Koushik Sen, and Ion Stoica · 2024
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Chaoqun He, Renjie Luo, Yuzhuo Bai, Shengding Hu, Zhen Leng Thai, Junhao Shen, Jinyi Hu, Xu Han, Yujie Huang, Yuxiang Zhang, et al · 2024
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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Advancing language model reasoning through reinforcement learning and inference scaling
Zhenyu Hou, Xin Lv, Rui Lu, Jiajie Zhang, Yujiang Li, Zijun Yao, Juanzi Li, Jie Tang, and Yuxiao Dong · 2025
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Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Xiao Bi, Haowei Zhang, Mingchuan Zhang, YK Li, Y Wu, et al · 2024
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DeepSeek-AI · 2024
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Arash Ahmadian, Chris Cremer, Matthias Gallé, Marzieh Fadaee, Julia Kreutzer, Olivier Pietquin, Ahmet Üstün, and Sara Hooker · 2024
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Aime, February 2024
Mathematical Association of America · 2024
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Does reinforcement learning really incentivize reasoning capacity in llms beyond the base model?, 2025
Yang Yue, Zhiqi Chen, Rui Lu, Andrew Zhao, Zhaokai Wang, Yang Yue, Shiji Song, and Gao Huang · 2025
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Redstar: Does scaling long-cot data unlock better slow-reasoning systems?
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Bespoke-stratos: The unreasonable effectiveness of reasoning distillation
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Makoto Shing, Kou Misaki, Han Bao, Sho Yokoi, and Takuya Akiba · 2025
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Reinforce++: An efficient rlhf algorithm with robustness to both prompt and reward models
Jian Hu, Jason Klein Liu, Haotian Xu, and Wei Shen · 2025
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Large language models to diffusion finetuning
Edoardo Cetin, Tianyu Zhao, and Yujin Tang · 2025
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