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The remarkable progress of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has attracted increasing attention to extend them to physical entities like legged robot.
Microsoft COCO: common objects in context
Tsung-Yi Lin, Michael Maire, Serge J. Belongie, James Hays, Pietro Perona, Deva Ramanan, Piotr Dollár, and C. Lawrence Zitnick · 2014
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A diagram is worth a dozen images
Aniruddha Kembhavi, Mike Salvato, Eric Kolve, Minjoon Seo, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Ali Farhadi · 2016
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Scannet: Richly-annotated 3d reconstructions of indoor scenes
Angela Dai, Angel X Chang, Manolis Savva, Maciej Halber, Thomas Funkhouser, and Matthias Nießner · 2017
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Language modeling with gated convolutional networks
Yann N Dauphin, Angela Fan, Michael Auli, and David Grangier · 2017
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Making the v in vqa matter: Elevating the role of image understanding in visual question answering
Yash Goyal, Tejas Khot, Douglas Summers-Stay, Dhruv Batra, and Devi Parikh · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
Target-driven visual navigation in indoor scenes using deep reinforcement learning
Yuke Zhu, Roozbeh Mottaghi, Eric Kolve, Joseph J Lim, Abhinav Gupta, Li Fei-Fei, and Ali Farhadi · 2017
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Simple and effective multi-paragraph reading comprehension
Christopher Clark and Matt Gardner · 2018
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Vizwiz grand challenge: Answering visual questions from blind people
Danna Gurari, Qing Li, Abigale J. Stangl, Anhong Guo, Chi Lin, Kristen Grauman, Jiebo Luo, and Jeffrey P. Bigham · 2018
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Cornernet: Detecting objects as paired keypoints
Hei Law and Jia Deng · 2018
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Learning hand-eye coordination for robotic grasping with deep learning and large-scale data collection
Sergey Levine, Peter Pastor, Alex Krizhevsky, Julian Ibarz, and Deirdre Quillen · 2018
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Improving language understanding by generative pre-training
Alec Radford, Karthik Narasimhan, Tim Salimans, and Ilya Sutskever · 2018
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Centernet: Keypoint triplets for object detection
Kaiwen Duan, Song Bai, Lingxi Xie, Honggang Qi, Qingming Huang, and Qi Tian · 2019
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Ok-vqa: A visual question answering benchmark requiring external knowledge
Kenneth Marino, Mohammad Rastegari, Ali Farhadi, and Roozbeh Mottaghi · 2019
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Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al · 2019
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Towards VQA models that can read
Amanpreet Singh, Vivek Natarajan, Meet Shah, Yu Jiang, Xinlei Chen, Dhruv Batra, Devi Parikh, and Marcus Rohrbach · 2019
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Root mean square layer normalization
Biao Zhang and Rico Sennrich · 2019
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al · 2020
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Scanrefer: 3d object localization in rgb-d scans using natural language
Dave Zhenyu Chen, Angel X Chang, and Matthias Nießner · 2020
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An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale
Alexey Dosovitskiy, Lucas Beyer, Alexander Kolesnikov, Dirk Weissenborn, Xiaohua Zhai, Thomas Unterthiner, Mostafa Dehghani, Matthias Minderer, Georg Heigold, Sylvain Gelly, Jakob Uszkoreit, and Neil Houlsby · 2021
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Scaling up visual and vision-language representation learning with noisy text supervision
Chao Jia, Yinfei Yang, Ye Xia, Yi-Ting Chen, Zarana Parekh, Hieu Pham, Quoc Le, Yun-Hsuan Sung, Zhen Li, and Tom Duerig · 2021
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Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision
Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et al · 2021
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3dvg-transformer: Relation modeling for visual grounding on point clouds
Lichen Zhao, Daigang Cai, Lu Sheng, and Dong Xu · 2021
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Do as i can, not as i say: Grounding language in robotic affordances
Michael Ahn, Anthony Brohan, Noah Brown, Yevgen Chebotar, Omar Cortes, Byron David, Chelsea Finn, Chuyuan Fu, Keerthana Gopalakrishnan, Karol Hausman, et al · 2022
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Flamingo: a visual language model for few-shot learning
Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jeff Donahue, Pauline Luc, Antoine Miech, Iain Barr, Yana Hasson, Karel Lenc, Arthur Mensch, Katherine Millican, Malcolm Reynolds, Roman Ring, Eliza Rutherford, Serkan Cabi, Tengda Han, Zhitao Gong, Sina Samangooei, Marianne Monteiro, Jacob L. Menick, Sebastian Borgeaud, Andy Brock, Aida Nematzadeh, Sahand Sharifzadeh, Mikolaj Binkowski, Ricardo Barreira, Oriol Vinyals, Andrew Zisserman, and Karén Simonyan · 2022
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Scanqa: 3d question answering for spatial scene understanding
Daichi Azuma, Taiki Miyanishi, Shuhei Kurita, and Motoaki Kawanabe · 2022
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Rt-1: Robotics transformer for real-world control at scale
Anthony Brohan, Noah Brown, Justice Carbajal, Yevgen Chebotar, Joseph Dabis, Chelsea Finn, Keerthana Gopalakrishnan, Karol Hausman, Alex Herzog, Jasmine Hsu, et al · 2022
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Masked autoencoders are scalable vision learners
Kaiming He, Xinlei Chen, Saining Xie, Yanghao Li, Piotr Dollár, and Ross B. Girshick · 2022
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Inner monologue: Embodied reasoning through planning with language models
Wenlong Huang, Fei Xia, Ted Xiao, Harris Chan, Jacky Liang, Pete Florence, Andy Zeng, Jonathan Tompson, Igor Mordatch, Yevgen Chebotar, et al · 2022
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Bc-z: Zero-shot task generalization with robotic imitation learning
Eric Jang, Alex Irpan, Mohi Khansari, Daniel Kappler, Frederik Ebert, Corey Lynch, Sergey Levine, and Chelsea Finn · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Exploring plain vision transformer backbones for object detection
Yanghao Li, Hanzi Mao, Ross Girshick, and Kaiming He · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Sqa3d: Situated question answering in 3d scenes
Xiaojian Ma, Silong Yong, Zilong Zheng, Qing Li, Yitao Liang, Song-Chun Zhu, and Siyuan Huang · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Chartqa: A benchmark for question answering about charts with visual and logical reasoning
Ahmed Masry, Xuan Long Do, Jia Qing Tan, Shafiq Joty, and Enamul Hoque · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Infographicvqa
Minesh Mathew, Viraj Bagal, Rubèn Tito, Dimosthenis Karatzas, Ernest Valveny, and CV Jawahar · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Multi3drefer: Grounding text description to multiple 3d objects
Yiming Zhang, ZeMing Gong, and Angel X Chang · 2023
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Ziwen Zhuang, Zipeng Fu, Jianren Wang, Christopher G Atkeson, Sören Schwertfeger, Chelsea Finn, and Hang Zhao · 2023
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Claude 3.5 sonnet
Anthropic · 2024
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π \pi 0: A vision-language-action flow model for general robot control
Kevin Black, Noah Brown, Danny Driess, Adnan Esmail, Michael Equi, Chelsea Finn, Niccolo Fusai, Lachy Groom, Karol Hausman, Brian Ichter, et al · 2024
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Navila: Legged robot vision-language-action model for navigation
An-Chieh Cheng, Yandong Ji, Zhaojing Yang, Zaitian Gongye, Xueyan Zou, Jan Kautz, Erdem Bıyık, Hongxu Yin, Sifei Liu, and Xiaolong Wang · 2024
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R3m: A universal visual representation for robot manipulation
Suraj Nair, Aravind Rajeswaran, Vikash Kumar, Chelsea Finn, and Abhinav Gupta · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Cliport: What and where pathways for robotic manipulation
Mohit Shridhar, Lucas Manuelli, and Dieter Fox · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Openflamingo: An open-source framework for training large autoregressive vision-language models
Anas Awadalla, Irena Gao, Josh Gardner, Jack Hessel, Yusuf Hanafy, Wanrong Zhu, Kalyani Marathe, Yonatan Bitton, Samir Gadre, Shiori Sagawa, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Jinze Bai, Shuai Bai, Yunfei Chu, Zeyu Cui, Kai Dang, Xiaodong Deng, Yang Fan, Wenbin Ge, Yu Han, Fei Huang, Binyuan Hui, Luo Ji, Mei Li, Junyang Lin, Runji Lin, Dayiheng Liu, Gao Liu, Chengqiang Lu, Keming Lu, Jianxin Ma, Rui Men, Xingzhang Ren, Xuancheng Ren, Chuanqi Tan, Sinan Tan, Jianhong Tu, Peng Wang, Shijie Wang, Wei Wang, Shengguang Wu, Benfeng Xu, Jin Xu, An Yang, Hao Yang, Jian Yang, Shusheng Yang, Yang Yao, Bowen Yu, Hongyi Yuan, Zheng Yuan, Jianwei Zhang, Xingxuan Zhang, Yichang Zhang, Zhenru Zhang, Chang Zhou, Jingren Zhou, Xiaohuan Zhou, and Tianhang Zhu · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Rt-2: Vision-language-action models transfer web knowledge to robotic control
Anthony Brohan, Noah Brown, Justice Carbajal, Yevgen Chebotar, Xi Chen, Krzysztof Choromanski, Tianli Ding, Danny Driess, Avinava Dubey, Chelsea Finn, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Palm-e: An embodied multimodal language model
Danny Driess, Fei Xia, Mehdi SM Sajjadi, Corey Lynch, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Brian Ichter, Ayzaan Wahid, Jonathan Tompson, Quan Vuong, Tianhe Yu, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
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Quar-vla: Vision-language-action model for quadruped robots
Pengxiang Ding, Han Zhao, Wenjie Zhang, Wenxuan Song, Min Zhang, Siteng Huang, Ningxi Yang, and Donglin Wang · 2024
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Openvla: An open-source vision-language-action model
Moo Jin Kim, Karl Pertsch, Siddharth Karamcheti, Ted Xiao, Ashwin Balakrishna, Suraj Nair, Rafael Rafailov, Ethan Foster, Grace Lam, Pannag Sanketi, et al · 2024
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Vila: On pre-training for visual language models
Ji Lin, Hongxu Yin, Wei Ping, Pavlo Molchanov, Mohammad Shoeybi, and Song Han · 2024
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Gen Luo, Xue Yang, Wenhan Dou, Zhaokai Wang, Jiawen Liu, Jifeng Dai, Yu Qiao, and Xizhou Zhu · 2024
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Quadrupedgpt: Towards a versatile quadruped agent in open-ended worlds
Yuting Mei, Ye Wang, Sipeng Zheng, and Qin Jin · 2024
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Gpt-4o system card
OpenAI · 2024
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Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context
Gemini Team, Petko Georgiev, Ving Ian Lei, Ryan Burnell, Libin Bai, Anmol Gulati, Garrett Tanzer, Damien Vincent, Zhufeng Pan, Shibo Wang, et al · 2024
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The all-seeing project: Towards panoptic visual recognition and understanding of the open world
Weiyun Wang, Min Shi, Qingyun Li, Wenhai Wang, Zhenhang Huang, Linjie Xing, Zhe Chen, Hao Li, Xizhou Zhu, Zhiguo Cao, et al · 2024
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Diffusion-vla: Scaling robot foundation models via unified diffusion and autoregression
Junjie Wen, Minjie Zhu, Yichen Zhu, Zhibin Tang, Jinming Li, Zhongyi Zhou, Chengmeng Li, Xiaoyu Liu, Yaxin Peng, Chaomin Shen, et al · 2024
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Grok-1.5 vision preview
X.ai · 2024
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Thinking in space: How multimodal large language models see, remember, and recall spaces
Jihan Yang, Shusheng Yang, Anjali W Gupta, Rilyn Han, Li Fei-Fei, and Saining Xie · 2024
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Minicpm-v: A gpt-4v level mllm on your phone
Yuan Yao, Tianyu Yu, Ao Zhang, Chongyi Wang, Junbo Cui, Hongji Zhu, Tianchi Cai, Haoyu Li, Weilin Zhao, Zhihui He, et al · 2024
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Robotic control via embodied chain-of-thought reasoning
Michał Zawalski, William Chen, Karl Pertsch, Oier Mees, Chelsea Finn, and Sergey Levine · 2024
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Llava-3d: A simple yet effective pathway to empowering lmms with 3d-awareness
Chenming Zhu, Tai Wang, Wenwei Zhang, Jiangmiao Pang, and Xihui Liu · 2024
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Shuai Bai, Keqin Chen, Xuejing Liu, Jialin Wang, Wenbin Ge, Sibo Song, Kai Dang, Peng Wang, Shijie Wang, Jun Tang, et al · 2025
Closest in time.
Eagle 2.5: Boosting long-context post-training for frontier vision-language models
Guo Chen, Zhiqi Li, Shihao Wang, Jindong Jiang, Yicheng Liu, Lidong Lu, De-An Huang, Wonmin Byeon, Matthieu Le, Tuomas Rintamaki, et al · 2025
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Interleave-vla: Enhancing robot manipulation with interleaved image-text instructions
Cunxin Fan, Xiaosong Jia, Yihang Sun, Yixiao Wang, Jianglan Wei, Ziyang Gong, Xiangyu Zhao, Masayoshi Tomizuka, Xue Yang, Junchi Yan, et al · 2025
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Dita: Scaling diffusion transformer for generalist vision-language-action policy
Zhi Hou, Tianyi Zhang, Yuwen Xiong, Haonan Duan, Hengjun Pu, Ronglei Tong, Chengyang Zhao, Xizhou Zhu, Yu Qiao, Jifeng Dai, et al · 2025
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Robobrain: A unified brain model for robotic manipulation from abstract to concrete
Yuheng Ji, Huajie Tan, Jiayu Shi, Xiaoshuai Hao, Yuan Zhang, Hengyuan Zhang, Pengwei Wang, Mengdi Zhao, Yao Mu, Pengju An, et al · 2025
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Gpt4scene: Understand 3d scenes from videos with vision-language models
Zhangyang Qi, Zhixiong Zhang, Ye Fang, Jiaqi Wang, and Hengshuang Zhao · 2025
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Gemini robotics: Bringing ai into the physical world
Gemini Robotics Team, Saminda Abeyruwan, Joshua Ainslie, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Montserrat Gonzalez Arenas, Travis Armstrong, Ashwin Balakrishna, Robert Baruch, Maria Bauza, Michiel Blokzijl, et al · 2025
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Chatvla: Unified multimodal understanding and robot control with vision-language-action model
Zhongyi Zhou, Yichen Zhu, Minjie Zhu, Junjie Wen, Ning Liu, Zhiyuan Xu, Weibin Meng, Ran Cheng, Yaxin Peng, Chaomin Shen, et al · 2025
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