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The rise of foundation models paves the way for generalist robot policies in the physical world.
spacy 2: Natural language understanding with bloom embeddings, convolutional neural networks and incremental parsing
Matthew Honnibal · 2017
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Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision
Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et al · 2021
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Flamingo: a visual language model for few-shot learning
Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jeff Donahue, Pauline Luc, Antoine Miech, Iain Barr, Yana Hasson, Karel Lenc, Arthur Mensch, Katherine Millican, Malcolm Reynolds, et al · 2022
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Rt-1: Robotics transformer for real-world control at scale
Anthony Brohan, Noah Brown, Justice Carbajal, Yevgen Chebotar, Joseph Dabis, Chelsea Finn, Keerthana Gopalakrishnan, Karol Hausman, Alex Herzog, Jasmine Hsu, et al · 2022
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Bc-z: Zero-shot task generalization with robotic imitation learning
Eric Jang, Alex Irpan, Mohi Khansari, Daniel Kappler, Frederik Ebert, Corey Lynch, Sergey Levine, and Chelsea Finn · 2022
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Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al · 2023
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Jinze Bai, Shuai Bai, Yunfei Chu, Zeyu Cui, Kai Dang, Xiaodong Deng, Yang Fan, Wenbin Ge, Yu Han, Fei Huang, et al · 2023
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Hydra: Hybrid robot actions for imitation learning
Suneel Belkhale, Yuchen Cui, and Dorsa Sadigh · 2023
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Rt-2: Vision-language-action models transfer web knowledge to robotic control
Anthony Brohan, Noah Brown, Justice Carbajal, Yevgen Chebotar, Xi Chen, Krzysztof Choromanski, Tianli Ding, Danny Driess, Avinava Dubey, Chelsea Finn, et al · 2023
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Diffusion policy: Visuomotor policy learning via action diffusion
Cheng Chi, Zhenjia Xu, Siyuan Feng, Eric Cousineau, Yilun Du, Benjamin Burchfiel, Russ Tedrake, and Shuran Song · 2023
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Clvr jaco play dataset, 2023
Shivin Dass, Jullian Yapeter, Jesse Zhang, Jiahui Zhang, Karl Pertsch, Stefanos Nikolaidis, and Joseph J. Lim · 2023
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Eva: Exploring the limits of masked visual representation learning at scale
Yuxin Fang, Wen Wang, Binhui Xie, Quan Sun, Ledell Wu, Xinggang Wang, Tiejun Huang, Xinlong Wang, and Yue Cao · 2023
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Vima: Robot manipulation with multimodal prompts, 2023
Yunfan Jiang, Agrim Gupta, Zichen Zhang, Guanzhi Wang, Yongqiang Dou, Yanjun Chen, Li Fei-Fei, Anima Anandkumar, Yuke Zhu, and Linxi Fan · 2023
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Blip-2: Bootstrapping language-image pre-training with frozen image encoders and large language models
Junnan Li, Dongxu Li, Silvio Savarese, and Steven Hoi · 2023
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Interactive language: Talking to robots in real time
Corey Lynch, Ayzaan Wahid, Jonathan Tompson, Tianli Ding, James Betker, Robert Baruch, Travis Armstrong, and Pete Florence · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaling open-vocabulary object detection
Matthias Minderer, Alexey Gritsenko, and Neil Houlsby · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Multi-resolution sensing for real-time control with vision-language models
Saumya Saxena, Mohit Sharma, and Oliver Kroemer · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Mutex: Learning unified policies from multimodal task specifications
Rutav Shah, Roberto Martín-Martín, and Yuke Zhu · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Open-world object manipulation using pre-trained vision-language models
Austin Stone, Ted Xiao, Yao Lu, Keerthana Gopalakrishnan, Kuang-Huei Lee, Quan Vuong, Paul Wohlhart, Sean Kirmani, Brianna Zitkovich, Fei Xia, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Chameleon: Mixed-modal early-fusion foundation models
Chameleon Team · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Octo: An open-source generalist robot policy
Octo Model Team, Dibya Ghosh, Homer Walke, Karl Pertsch, Kevin Black, Oier Mees, Sudeep Dasari, Joey Hejna, Tobias Kreiman, Charles Xu, et al · 2024
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xgen-mm (blip-3): A family of open large multimodal models
Le Xue, Manli Shu, Anas Awadalla, Jun Wang, An Yan, Senthil Purushwalkam, Honglu Zhou, Viraj Prabhu, Yutong Dai, Michael S Ryoo, et al · 2024
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An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, et al · 2024
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Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Albert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti Bhosale, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
ucsd kitchens Dataset
Ge Yan, Kris Wu, and Xiaolong Wang · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Paligemma: A versatile 3b vlm for transfer
Lucas Beyer, Andreas Steiner, André Susano Pinto, Alexander Kolesnikov, Xiao Wang, Daniel Salz, Maxim Neumann, Ibrahim Alabdulmohsin, Michael Tschannen, Emanuele Bugliarello, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
π 0 \pi_{0} : A vision-language-action flow model for general robot control
Kevin Black, Noah Brown, Danny Driess, Adnan Esmail, Michael Equi, Chelsea Finn, Niccolo Fusai, Lachy Groom, Karol Hausman, Brian Ichter, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Prismatic vlms: Investigating the design space of visually-conditioned language models
Siddharth Karamcheti, Suraj Nair, Ashwin Balakrishna, Percy Liang, Thomas Kollar, and Dorsa Sadigh · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Evaluating real-world robot manipulation policies in simulation
Xuanlin Li, Kyle Hsu, Jiayuan Gu, Karl Pertsch, Oier Mees, Homer Rich Walke, Chuyuan Fu, Ishikaa Lunawat, Isabel Sieh, Sean Kirmani, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Open x-embodiment: Robotic learning datasets and rt-x models: Open x-embodiment collaboration 0
Abby O’Neill, Abdul Rehman, Abhiram Maddukuri, Abhishek Gupta, Abhishek Padalkar, Abraham Lee, Acorn Pooley, Agrim Gupta, Ajay Mandlekar, Ajinkya Jain, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Haoyu Zhen, Xiaowen Qiu, Peihao Chen, Jincheng Yang, Xin Yan, Yilun Du, Yining Hong, and Chuang Gan · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Shuai Bai, Keqin Chen, Xuejing Liu, Jialin Wang, Wenbin Ge, Sibo Song, Kai Dang, Peng Wang, Shijie Wang, Jun Tang, Humen Zhong, Yuanzhi Zhu, Mingkun Yang, Zhaohai Li, Jianqiang Wan, Pengfei Wang, Wei Ding, Zheren Fu, Yiheng Xu, Jiabo Ye, Xi Zhang, Tianbao Xie, Zesen Cheng, Hang Zhang, Zhibo Yang, Haiyang Xu, and Junyang Lin · 2025
Closest in time.
Gr00t n1: An open foundation model for generalist humanoid robots
Johan Bjorck, Fernando Castañeda, Nikita Cherniadev, Xingye Da, Runyu Ding, Linxi Fan, Yu Fang, Dieter Fox, Fengyuan Hu, Spencer Huang, et al · 2025
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Rebot: Scaling robot learning with real-to-sim-to-real robotic video synthesis
Yu Fang, Yue Yang, Xinghao Zhu, Kaiyuan Zheng, Gedas Bertasius, Daniel Szafir, and Mingyu Ding · 2025
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π 0.5 \pi_{0.5} : a vision-language-action model with open-world generalization
Physical Intelligence, Kevin Black, Noah Brown, James Darpinian, Karan Dhabalia, Danny Driess, Adnan Esmail, Michael Equi, Chelsea Finn, Niccolo Fusai, et al · 2025
Closest in time.
Mono-internvl: Pushing the boundaries of monolithic multimodal large language models with endogenous visual pre-training
Gen Luo, Xue Yang, Wenhan Dou, Zhaokai Wang, Jiawen Liu, Jifeng Dai, Yu Qiao, and Xizhou Zhu · 2025
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Gemini robotics: Bringing ai into the physical world
Gemini Robotics Team, Saminda Abeyruwan, Joshua Ainslie, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Montserrat Gonzalez Arenas, Travis Armstrong, Ashwin Balakrishna, Robert Baruch, Maria Bauza, Michiel Blokzijl, et al · 2025
Closest in time.
Tinyvla: Towards fast, data-efficient vision-language-action models for robotic manipulation
Junjie Wen, Yichen Zhu, Jinming Li, Minjie Zhu, Zhibin Tang, Kun Wu, Zhiyuan Xu, Ning Liu, Ran Cheng, Chaomin Shen, et al · 2025
Closest in time.
Cot-vla: Visual chain-of-thought reasoning for vision-language-action models
Qingqing Zhao, Yao Lu, Moo Jin Kim, Zipeng Fu, Zhuoyang Zhang, Yecheng Wu, Zhaoshuo Li, Qianli Ma, Song Han, Chelsea Finn, et al · 2025
Closest in time.
open-pi-zero
Allen Zren · 2025
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