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Large reasoning models (LRMs) have recently demonstrated impressive capabilities in complex reasoning tasks by leveraging increased test-time computation and exhibiting behaviors reminiscent of human-like self-reflection.
Huggingface’s transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing
Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, Rémi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, Joe Davison, Sam Shleifer, Patrick von Platen, Clara Ma, Yacine Jernite, Julien Plu, Canwen Xu, Teven Le Scao, Sylvain Gugger, and 3 others. 2020 · 1910
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On calibration of modern neural networks
Chuan Guo, Geoff Pleiss, Yu Sun, and Kilian Q. Weinberger. 2017 · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
Measuring calibration in deep learning
Jeremy Nixon, Michael W Dusenberry, Linchuan Zhang, Ghassen Jerfel, and Dustin Tran. 2019 · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
Large-scale robust deep auc maximization: A new surrogate loss and empirical studies on medical image classification
Zhuoning Yuan, Yan Yan, Milan Sonka, and Tianbao Yang. 2021 · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Challenging big-bench tasks and whether chain-of-thought can solve them
Mirac Suzgun, Nathan Scales, Nathanael Schärli, Sebastian Gehrmann, Yi Tay, Hyung Won Chung, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Quoc V. Le, Ed H. Chi, Denny Zhou, and Jason Wei. 2022 · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Miao Xiong, Shen Li, Wenjie Feng, Ailin Deng, Jihai Zhang, and Bryan Hooi. 2022 · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Lorenz Kuhn, Yarin Gal, and Sebastian Farquhar. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Gpqa: A graduate-level google-proof q&a benchmark
David Rein, Betty Li Hou, Asa Cooper Stickland, Jackson Petty, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Julien Dirani, Julian Michael, and Samuel R. Bowman. 2023 · 2023
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Just ask for calibration: Strategies for eliciting calibrated confidence scores from language models fine-tuned with human feedback
Katherine Tian, Eric Mitchell, Allan Zhou, Archit Sharma, Rafael Rafailov, Huaxiu Yao, Chelsea Finn, and Christopher Manning. 2023 · 2023
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Freshllms: Refreshing large language models with search engine augmentation
Tu Vu, Mohit Iyyer, Xuezhi Wang, Noah Constant, Jerry Wei, Jason Wei, Chris Tar, Yun-Hsuan Sung, Denny Zhou, Quoc Le, and Thang Luong. 2023 · 2023
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Shifting attention to relevance: Towards the predictive uncertainty quantification of free-form large language models
Jinhao Duan, Hao Cheng, Shiqi Wang, Alex Zavalny, Chenan Wang, Renjing Xu, Bhavya Kailkhura, and Kaidi Xu. 2024 · 2024
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Measuring short-form factuality in large language models
Jason Wei, Nguyen Karina, Hyung Won Chung, Yunxin Joy Jiao, Spencer Papay, Amelia Glaese, John Schulman, and William Fedus. 2024 · 2024
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Livebench: A challenging, contamination-free llm benchmark
Colin White, Samuel Dooley, Manley Roberts, Arka Pal, Ben Feuer, Siddhartha Jain, Ravid Shwartz-Ziv, Neel Jain, Khalid Saifullah, Siddartha Naidu, Chinmay Hegde, Yann LeCun, Tom Goldstein, Willie Neiswanger, and Micah Goldblum. 2024 · 2024
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Can llms express their uncertainty? an empirical evaluation of confidence elicitation in llms
Miao Xiong, Zhiyuan Hu, Xinyang Lu, Yifei Li, Jie Fu, Junxian He, and Bryan Hooi. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
On verbalized confidence scores for llms
Daniel Yang, Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai, and Makoto Yamada. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Sft memorizes, rl generalizes: A comparative study of foundation model post-training
Tianzhe Chu, Yuexiang Zhai, Jihan Yang, Shengbang Tong, Saining Xie, Dale Schuurmans, Quoc V. Le, Sergey Levine, and Yi Ma. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Openthoughts: Data recipes for reasoning models
Etash Guha, Ryan Marten, Sedrick Keh, Negin Raoof, Georgios Smyrnis, Hritik Bansal, Marianna Nezhurina, Jean Mercat, Trung Vu, Zayne Sprague, Ashima Suvarna, Benjamin Feuer, Liangyu Chen, Zaid Khan, Eric Frankel, Sachin Grover, Caroline Choi, Niklas Muennighoff, Shiye Su, and 31 others. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Competitive programming with large reasoning models
OpenAI, :, Ahmed El-Kishky, Alexander Wei, Andre Saraiva, Borys Minaiev, Daniel Selsam, David Dohan, Francis Song, Hunter Lightman, Ignasi Clavera, Jakub Pachocki, Jerry Tworek, Lorenz Kuhn, Lukasz Kaiser, Mark Chen, Max Schwarzer, Mostafa Rohaninejad, Nat McAleese, and 7 others. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.
Long Phan, Alice Gatti, Ziwen Han, Nathaniel Li, Josephina Hu, Hugh Zhang, Chen Bo Calvin Zhang, Mohamed Shaaban, John Ling, Sean Shi, Michael Choi, Anish Agrawal, Arnav Chopra, Adam Khoja, Ryan Kim, Richard Ren, Jason Hausenloy, Oliver Zhang, Mantas Mazeika, and 1090 others. 2025 · 2025
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Qwen, :, An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Yang, Jiaxi Yang, Jingren Zhou, and 25 others. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.
Qwq-32b: Embracing the power of reinforcement learning
Qwen Team. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.
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Skywork open reasoner series
Jujie He, Jiacai Liu, Chris Yuhao Liu, Rui Yan, Chaojie Wang, Peng Cheng, Xiaoyu Zhang, Fuxiang Zhang, Jiacheng Xu, Wei Shen, Siyuan Li, Liang Zeng, Tianwen Wei, Cheng Cheng, Yang Liu, and Yahui Zhou. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Why language models hallucinate
Adam Tauman Kalai, Ofir Nachum, Santosh S. Vempala, and Edwin Zhang. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Abstentionbench: Reasoning llms fail on unanswerable questions
Polina Kirichenko, Mark Ibrahim, Kamalika Chaudhuri, and Samuel J. Bell. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Deepcoder: A fully open-source 14b coder at o3-mini level
Michael Luo, Sijun Tan, Roy Huang, Ameen Patel, Alpay Ariyak, Qingyang Wu, Xiaoxiang Shi, Rachel Xin, Colin Cai, Maurice Weber, Ce Zhang, Erran Li, Raluca Ada Popa, and Ion Stoica. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Supergpqa: Scaling llm evaluation across 285 graduate disciplines
M-A-P Team, Xinrun Du, Yifan Yao, Kaijing Ma, Bingli Wang, Tianyu Zheng, Kang Zhu, Minghao Liu, Yiming Liang, Xiaolong Jin, Zhenlin Wei, Chujie Zheng, Kaixing Deng, Shuyue Guo, Shian Jia, Sichao Jiang, Yiyan Liao, Rui Li, Qinrui Li, and 76 others. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Deepseek-r1 thoughtology: Let’s <think> about llm reasoning
Sara Vera Marjanović, Arkil Patel, Vaibhav Adlakha, Milad Aghajohari, Parishad BehnamGhader, Mehar Bhatia, Aditi Khandelwal, Austin Kraft, Benno Krojer, Xing Han Lù, Nicholas Meade, Dongchan Shin, Amirhossein Kazemnejad, Gaurav Kamath, Marius Mosbach, Karolina Stańczak, and Siva Reddy. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Reasoning about uncertainty: Do reasoning models know when they don’t know?
Zhiting Mei, Christina Zhang, Tenny Yin, Justin Lidard, Ola Shorinwa, and Anirudha Majumdar. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Ivan Moshkov, Darragh Hanley, Ivan Sorokin, Shubham Toshniwal, Christof Henkel, Benedikt Schifferer, Wei Du, and Igor Gitman. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
The hallucination tax of reinforcement finetuning
Linxin Song, Taiwei Shi, and Jieyu Zhao. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.
Position: The hidden costs and measurement gaps of reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards
Aaron Tu, Weihao Xuan, Heli Qi, Xu Huang, Qingcheng Zeng, Shayan Talaei, Yijia Xiao, Peng Xia, Xiangru Tang, Yuchen Zhuang, Bing Hu, Hanqun Cao, Wenqi Shi, Tianang Leng, Rui Yang, Yingjian Chen, Ziqi Wang, Irene Li, Nan Liu, and 8 others. 2025 · 2025
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Benchmarking uncertainty quantification methods for large language models with lm-polygraph
Roman Vashurin, Ekaterina Fadeeva, Artem Vazhentsev, Lyudmila Rvanova, Akim Tsvigun, Daniil Vasilev, Rui Xing, Abdelrahman Boda Sadallah, Kirill Grishchenkov, Sergey Petrakov, Alexander Panchenko, Timothy Baldwin, Preslav Nakov, Maxim Panov, and Artem Shelmanov. 2025 · 2025
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Browsecomp: A simple yet challenging benchmark for browsing agents
Jason Wei, Zhiqing Sun, Spencer Papay, Scott McKinney, Jeffrey Han, Isa Fulford, Hyung Won Chung, Alex Tachard Passos, William Fedus, and Amelia Glaese. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.
Weihao Xuan, Qingcheng Zeng, Heli Qi, Junjue Wang, and Naoto Yokoya. 2025 · 2025
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Limo: Less is more for reasoning
Yixin Ye, Zhen Huang, Yang Xiao, Ethan Chern, Shijie Xia, and Pengfei Liu. 2025 · 2025
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Reasoning models better express their confidence
Dongkeun Yoon, Seungone Kim, Sohee Yang, Sunkyoung Kim, Soyeon Kim, Yongil Kim, Eunbi Choi, Yireun Kim, and Minjoon Seo. 2025 · 2025
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Reasoning on a spectrum: Aligning llms to system 1 and system 2 thinking
Alireza S. Ziabari, Nona Ghazizadeh, Zhivar Sourati, Farzan Karimi-Malekabadi, Payam Piray, and Morteza Dehghani. 2025 · 2025
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