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We show that reinforcement learning applied to large language models (LLMs) significantly boosts performance on complex coding and reasoning tasks.
Codeforces rating system
Mike Mirzayanov · 2010
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Mike Mirzayanov · 2016
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Codeforces: Soon we will change the rating calculation for new accounts
Mike Mirzayanov · 2020
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Program synthesis with large language models
Jacob Austin, Augustus Odena, Maxwell Nye, Maarten Bosma, Henryk Michalewski, David Dohan, Ellen Jiang, Carrie Cai, Michael Terry, Quoc Le, et al · 2021
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Evaluating large language models trained on code
Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde De Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, Harri Edwards, Yuri Burda, Nicholas Joseph, Greg Brockman, et al · 2021
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Competition-level code generation with alphacode
Yujia Li, David Choi, Junyoung Chung, Nate Kushman, Julian Schrittwieser, Rémi Leblond, Tom Eccles, James Keeling, Felix Gimeno, Agustin Dal Lago, et al · 2022
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al · 2022
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Swe-bench: Can language models resolve real-world github issues?
Carlos E Jimenez, John Yang, Alexander Wettig, Shunyu Yao, Kexin Pei, Ofir Press, and Karthik Narasimhan · 2023
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Toolformer: Language models can teach themselves to use tools
Timo Schick, Jane Dwivedi-Yu, Roberto Dessì, Roberta Raileanu, Maria Lomeli, Eric Hambro, Luke Zettlemoyer, Nicola Cancedda, and Thomas Scialom · 2023
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Aaron Jaech, Adam Kalai, Adam Lerer, Adam Richardson, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aiden Low, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Alex Beutel, Alex Carney, et al · 2024
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Alphacode 2 technical report
Leblond, Rémi and Gimeno, Felix and Altché, Florent and Saade, Alaa and Ruddock, Anton and Tallec, Corentin and Powell, George and Grill, Jean-Bastien and Mikuła, Maciej and Lochbrunner, Matthias and others · 2025
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OpenAI · 2025
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Learning to reason with llms
OpenAI · 2025
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OpenAI · 2025
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Kimi k1.5: Scaling reinforcement learning with llms
Kimi Team, Angang Du, Bofei Gao, Bowei Xing, Changjiu Jiang, Cheng Chen, Cheng Li, Chenjun Xiao, et al · 2025
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DeepSeek-AI, Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, et al · 2025
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