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Sparse expert models are a thirty-year old concept re-emerging as a popular architecture in deep learning.
Adaptive mixtures of local experts
Robert A Jacobs, Michael I Jordan, Steven J Nowlan, and Geoffrey E Hinton · 1991
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Simple statistical gradient-following algorithms for connectionist reinforcement learning
Ronald J Williams · 1992
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Hierarchical mixtures of experts and the em algorithm
Michael I Jordan and Robert A Jacobs · 1994
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Long short-term memory
Sepp Hochreiter and Jürgen Schmidhuber · 1997
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Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition
Yann LeCun, Léon Bottou, Yoshua Bengio, and Patrick Haffner · 1998
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Hogwild!: A lock-free approach to parallelizing stochastic gradient descent
Benjamin Recht, Christopher Re, Stephen Wright, and Feng Niu · 2011
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Twenty years of mixture of experts
Seniha Esen Yuksel, Joseph N Wilson, and Paul D Gader · 2012
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One billion word benchmark for measuring progress in statistical language modeling
Ciprian Chelba, Tomas Mikolov, Mike Schuster, Qi Ge, Thorsten Brants, Phillipp Koehn, and Tony Robinson · 2013
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Learning factored representations in a deep mixture of experts
David Eigen, Marc’Aurelio Ranzato, and Ilya Sutskever · 2013
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Obtaining well calibrated probabilities using bayesian binning
Mahdi Pakdaman Naeini, Gregory Cooper, and Milos Hauskrecht · 2015
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Conditional computation in neural networks for faster models, 2016
Emmanuel Bengio, Pierre-Luc Bacon, Joelle Pineau, and Doina Precup · 2016
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Expert gate: Lifelong learning with a network of experts
Rahaf Aljundi, Punarjay Chakravarty, and Tinne Tuytelaars · 2017
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Routing networks: Adaptive selection of non-linear functions for multi-task learning
Clemens Rosenbaum, Tim Klinger, and Matthew Riemer · 2017
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Outrageously large neural networks: The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer
Noam Shazeer, Azalia Mirhoseini, Krzysztof Maziarz, Andy Davis, Quoc Le, Geoffrey Hinton, and Jeff Dean · 2017
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Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin · 2017
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Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova · 2018
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Speech-transformer: a no-recurrence sequence-to-sequence model for speech recognition
Linhao Dong, Shuang Xu, and Bo Xu · 2018
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Pipedream: Fast and efficient pipeline parallel dnn training
Aaron Harlap, Deepak Narayanan, Amar Phanishayee, Vivek Seshadri, Nikhil Devanur, Greg Ganger, and Phil Gibbons · 2018
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Modular networks: Learning to decompose neural computation
Louis Kirsch, Julius Kunze, and David Barber · 2018
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Modeling task relationships in multi-task learning with multi-gate mixture-of-experts
Jiaqi Ma, Zhe Zhao, Xinyang Yi, Jilin Chen, Lichan Hong, and Ed H Chi · 2018
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Improving language understanding by generative pre-training, 2018
Alec Radford, Karthik Narasimhan, Tim Salimans, and Ilya Sutskever · 2018
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Diversity and depth in per-example routing models
Prajit Ramachandran and Quoc V Le · 2018
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Mesh-tensorflow: Deep learning for supercomputers
Noam Shazeer, Youlong Cheng, Niki Parmar, Dustin Tran, Ashish Vaswani, Penporn Koanantakool, Peter Hawkins, HyoukJoong Lee, Mingsheng Hong, Cliff Young, et al · 2018
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Behavior sequence transformer for e-commerce recommendation in alibaba
Qiwei Chen, Huan Zhao, Wei Li, Pipei Huang, and Wenwu Ou · 2019
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Sparse networks from scratch: Faster training without losing performance
Tim Dettmers and Luke Zettlemoyer · 2019
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The state of sparsity in deep neural networks
Trevor Gale, Erich Elsen, and Sara Hooker · 2019
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Gpipe: Efficient training of giant neural networks using pipeline parallelism
Yanping Huang, Youlong Cheng, Ankur Bapna, Orhan Firat, Dehao Chen, Mia Chen, HyoukJoong Lee, Jiquan Ngiam, Quoc V Le, Yonghui Wu, et al · 2019
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Generalization through memorization: Nearest neighbor language models
Urvashi Khandelwal, Omer Levy, Dan Jurafsky, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Mike Lewis · 2019
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Improving transformer-based end-to-end speech recognition with connectionist temporal classification and language model integration
Tomohiro Nakatani · 2019
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Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J Liu · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
Zero: Memory optimization towards training a trillion parameter models
Samyam Rajbhandari, Jeff Rasley, Olatunji Ruwase, and Yuxiong He · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Routing networks and the challenges of modular and compositional computation
Clemens Rosenbaum, Ignacio Cases, Matthew Riemer, and Tim Klinger · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Superglue: A stickier benchmark for general-purpose language understanding systems
Alex Wang, Yada Pruksachatkun, Nikita Nangia, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel Bowman · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom B Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
End-to-end object detection with transformers
Dense-to-sparse gate for mixture-of-experts
Xiaonan Nie, Shijie Cao, Xupeng Miao, Lingxiao Ma, Jilong Xue, Youshan Miao, Zichao Yang, Zhi Yang, and Bin Cui · 2021
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Carbon emissions and large neural network training
David Patterson, Joseph Gonzalez, Quoc Le, Chen Liang, Lluis-Miquel Munguia, Daniel Rothchild, David So, Maud Texier, and Jeff Dean · 2021
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Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision
Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et al · 2021
Later among the works it cites.
Scaling language models: Methods, analysis & insights from training gopher, 2021
Jack W. Rae, Sebastian Borgeaud, Trevor Cai, Katie Millican, Jordan Hoffmann, Francis Song, John Aslanides, Sarah Henderson, Roman Ring, Susannah Young, Eliza Rutherford, Tom Hennigan, Jacob Menick, Albin Cassirer, Richard Powell, George van den Driessche, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Maribeth Rauh, Po-Sen Huang, Amelia Glaese, Johannes Welbl, Sumanth Dathathri, Saffron Huang, Jonathan Uesato, John Mellor, Irina Higgins, Antonia Creswell, Nat McAleese, Amy Wu, Erich Elsen, Siddhant Jayakumar, Elena Buchatskaya, David Budden, Esme Sutherland, Karen Simonyan, Michela Paganini, Laurent Sifre, Lena Martens, Xiang Lorraine Li, Adhiguna Kuncoro, Aida Nematzadeh, Elena Gribovskaya, Domenic Donato, Angeliki Lazaridou, Arthur Mensch, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Maria Tsimpoukelli, Nikolai Grigorev, Doug Fritz, Thibault Sottiaux, Mantas Pajarskas, Toby Pohlen, Zhitao Gong, Daniel Toyama, Cyprien de Masson d’Autume, Yujia Li, Tayfun Terzi, Vladimir Mikulik, Igor Babuschkin, Aidan Clark, Diego de Las Casas, Aurelia Guy, Chris Jones, James Bradbury, Matthew Johnson, Blake Hechtman, Laura Weidinger, Iason Gabriel, William Isaac, Ed Lockhart, Simon Osindero, Laura Rimell, Chris Dyer, Oriol Vinyals, Kareem Ayoub, Jeff Stanway, Lorrayne Bennett, Demis Hassabis, Koray Kavukcuoglu, and Geoffrey Irving · 2021
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Nicolas Carion, Francisco Massa, Gabriel Synnaeve, Nicolas Usunier, Alexander Kirillov, and Sergey Zagoruyko · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Extracting training data from large language models, 2020
Nicholas Carlini, Florian Tramer, Eric Wallace, Matthew Jagielski, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Katherine Lee, Adam Roberts, Tom Brown, Dawn Song, Ulfar Erlingsson, Alina Oprea, and Colin Raffel · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
An image is worth 16x16 words: Transformers for image recognition at scale
Alexey Dosovitskiy, Lucas Beyer, Alexander Kolesnikov, Dirk Weissenborn, Xiaohua Zhai, Thomas Unterthiner, Mostafa Dehghani, Matthias Minderer, Georg Heigold, Sylvain Gelly, et al · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Rigging the lottery: Making all tickets winners
Utku Evci, Trevor Gale, Jacob Menick, Pablo Samuel Castro, and Erich Elsen · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Conformer: Convolution-augmented transformer for speech recognition
Anmol Gulati, James Qin, Chung-Cheng Chiu, Niki Parmar, Yu Zhang, Jiahui Yu, Wei Han, Shibo Wang, Zhengdong Zhang, Yonghui Wu, et al · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Retrieval augmented language model pre-training
Kelvin Guu, Kenton Lee, Zora Tung, Panupong Pasupat, and Mingwei Chang · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Gshard: Scaling giant models with conditional computation and automatic sharding
Dmitry Lepikhin, HyoukJoong Lee, Yuanzhong Xu, Dehao Chen, Orhan Firat, Yanping Huang, Maxim Krikun, Noam Shazeer, and Zhifeng Chen · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Later among the works it cites.
Scaling vision with sparse mixture of experts
Carlos Riquelme, Joan Puigcerver, Basil Mustafa, Maxim Neumann, Rodolphe Jenatton, André Susano Pinto, Daniel Keysers, and Neil Houlsby · 2021
Later among the works it cites.
Hash layers for large sparse models
Stephen Roller, Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, Arthur Szlam, and Jason Weston · 2021
Later among the works it cites.
Mlp-mixer: An all-mlp architecture for vision
Ilya O Tolstikhin, Neil Houlsby, Alexander Kolesnikov, Lucas Beyer, Xiaohua Zhai, Thomas Unterthiner, Jessica Yung, Andreas Steiner, Daniel Keysers, Jakob Uszkoreit, et al · 2021
Later among the works it cites.
M6-t: Exploring sparse expert models and beyond, 2021
An Yang, Junyang Lin, Rui Men, Chang Zhou, Le Jiang, Xianyan Jia, Ang Wang, Jie Zhang, Jiamang Wang, Yong Li, Di Zhang, Wei Lin, Lin Qu, Jingren Zhou, and Hongxia Yang · 2021
Later among the works it cites.
Speechmoe: Scaling to large acoustic models with dynamic routing mixture of experts
Zhao You, Shulin Feng, Dan Su, and Dong Yu · 2021
Later among the works it cites.
Taming sparsely activated transformer with stochastic experts, 2021
Simiao Zuo, Xiaodong Liu, Jian Jiao, Young Jin Kim, Hany Hassan, Ruofei Zhang, Tuo Zhao, and Jianfeng Gao · 2021
Later among the works it cites.
Improving language models by retrieving from trillions of tokens
Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Jordan Hoffmann, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Katie Millican, George Bm Van Den Driessche, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Bogdan Damoc, Aidan Clark, et al · 2022
Closest in time.
Palm: Scaling language modeling with pathways
Aakanksha Chowdhery, Sharan Narang, Jacob Devlin, Maarten Bosma, Gaurav Mishra, Adam Roberts, Paul Barham, Hyung Won Chung, Charles Sutton, Sebastian Gehrmann, et al · 2022
Closest in time.
Unified scaling laws for routed language models
Aidan Clark, Diego de las Casas, Aurelia Guy, Arthur Mensch, Michela Paganini, Jordan Hoffmann, Bogdan Damoc, Blake Hechtman, Trevor Cai, Sebastian Borgeaud, et al · 2022
Closest in time.
Training compute-optimal large language models
Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, et al · 2022
Closest in time.
Tutel: Adaptive mixture-of-experts at scale
Changho Hwang, Wei Cui, Yifan Xiong, Ziyue Yang, Ze Liu, Han Hu, Zilong Wang, Rafael Salas, Jithin Jose, Prabhat Ram, et al · 2022
Closest in time.
Optimizing mixture of experts using dynamic recompilations
Ferdinand Kossmann, Zhihao Jia, and Alex Aiken · 2022
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Sparse mixers: Combining moe and mixing to build a more efficient bert
James Lee-Thorp and Joshua Ainslie · 2022
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Branch-train-merge: Embarrassingly parallel training of expert language models, 2022
Margaret Li, Suchin Gururangan, Tim Dettmers, Mike Lewis, Tim Althoff, Noah A. Smith, and Luke Zettlemoyer · 2022
Closest in time.
Swin transformer v2: Scaling up capacity and resolution
Ze Liu, Han Hu, Yutong Lin, Zhuliang Yao, Zhenda Xie, Yixuan Wei, Jia Ning, Yue Cao, Zheng Zhang, Li Dong, et al · 2022
Closest in time.
Multimodal contrastive learning with limoe: the language-image mixture of experts
Basil Mustafa, Carlos Riquelme, Joan Puigcerver, Rodolphe Jenatton, and Neil Houlsby · 2022
Closest in time.
Deepspeed-moe: Advancing mixture-of-experts inference and training to power next-generation ai scale
Samyam Rajbhandari, Conglong Li, Zhewei Yao, Minjia Zhang, Reza Yazdani Aminabadi, Ammar Ahmad Awan, Jeff Rasley, and Yuxiong He · 2022
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Scaling up models and data with t5x
Adam Roberts, Hyung Won Chung, Anselm Levskaya, Gaurav Mishra, James Bradbury, Daniel Andor, Sharan Narang, Brian Lester, Colin Gaffney, Afroz Mohiuddin, Curtis Hawthorne, Aitor Lewkowycz, Alex Salcianu, Marc van Zee, Jacob Austin, Sebastian Goodman, Livio Baldini Soares, Haitang Hu, Sasha Tsvyashchenko, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Jasmijn Bastings, Jannis Bulian, Xavier Garcia, Jianmo Ni, Andrew Chen, Kathleen Kenealy, Jonathan H. Clark, Stephan Lee, Dan Garrette, James Lee-Thorp, Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Marvin Ritter, Maarten Bosma, Alexandre Passos, Jeremy Maitin-Shepard, Noah Fiedel, Mark Omernick, Brennan Saeta, Ryan Sepassi, Alexander Spiridonov, Joshua Newlan, and Andrea Gesmundo · 2022
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Confident adaptive language modeling
Tal Schuster, Adam Fisch, Jai Gupta, Mostafa Dehghani, Dara Bahri, Vinh Q Tran, Yi Tay, and Donald Metzler · 2022
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Beyond the imitation game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models
Aarohi Srivastava, Abhinav Rastogi, Abhishek Rao, Abu Awal Md Shoeb, Abubakar Abid, Adam Fisch, Adam R Brown, Adam Santoro, Aditya Gupta, Adrià Garriga-Alonso, et al · 2022
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Lemeng Wu, Mengchen Liu, Yinpeng Chen, Dongdong Chen, Xiyang Dai, and Lu Yuan · 2022
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A survey on dynamic neural networks for natural language processing
Canwen Xu and Julian McAuley · 2022
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Speechmoe2: Mixture-of-experts model with improved routing
Zhao You, Shulin Feng, Dan Su, and Dong Yu · 2022
Closest in time.
Mixture-of-experts with expert choice routing
Yanqi Zhou, Tao Lei, Hanxiao Liu, Nan Du, Yanping Huang, Vincent Zhao, Andrew Dai, Zhifeng Chen, Quoc Le, and James Laudon · 2022
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Designing effective sparse expert models
Barret Zoph, Irwan Bello, Sameer Kumar, Nan Du, Yanping Huang, Jeff Dean, Noam Shazeer, and William Fedus · 2022
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