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We combine the capacity of sparsely gated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) with the speed and stability of linear, mixing transformations to design the Sparse Mixer encoder model.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Chris Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 1901
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Roberta: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach
Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019b · 1907
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Patient knowledge distillation for bert model compression
Siqi Sun, Yu Cheng, Zhe Gan, and Jingjing Liu. 2019 · 1908
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Distilbert, a distilled version of bert: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter
Victor Sanh, Lysandre Debut, Julien Chaumond, and Thomas Wolf. 2019 · 1910
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An algorithm for the machine calculation of complex fourier series
James W Cooley and John W Tukey. 1965 · 1965
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Circulant matrices
Philip J Davis. 1970 · 1970
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Adaptive mixtures of local experts
Robert A Jacobs, Michael I Jordan, Steven J Nowlan, and Geoffrey E Hinton. 1991 · 1991
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Signature verification using a" siamese" time delay neural network
Jane Bromley, Isabelle Guyon, Yann LeCun, Eduard Säckinger, and Roopak Shah. 1993 · 1993
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Hierarchical mixtures of experts and the em algorithm
Michael I Jordan and Robert A Jacobs. 1994 · 1994
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 2001
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Glu variants improve transformer
Noam Shazeer. 2020 · 2002
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Bert-of-theseus: Compressing bert by progressive module replacing
Canwen Xu, Wangchunshu Zhou, Tao Ge, Furu Wei, and Ming Zhou. 2020 · 2002
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Dense passage retrieval for open-domain question answering
Vladimir Karpukhin, Barlas Oğuz, Sewon Min, Patrick Lewis, Ledell Wu, Sergey Edunov, Danqi Chen, and Wen-tau Yih. 2020 · 2004
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The design and implementation of fftw3
Matteo Frigo and Steven G Johnson. 2005 · 2005
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Synthesizer: Rethinking self-attention in transformer models
Yi Tay, Dara Bahri, Donald Metzler, Da-Cheng Juan, Zhe Zhao, and Che Zheng. 2020 · 2005
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Auto-weka: Combined selection and hyperparameter optimization of classification algorithms
Chris Thornton, Frank Hutter, Holger H Hoos, and Kevin Leyton-Brown. 2013 · 2013
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Distilling the knowledge in a neural network
Geoffrey E. Hinton, Oriol Vinyals, and Jeffrey Dean. 2015 · 2015
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End-to-end memory networks
Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, Jason Weston, Rob Fergus, et al. 2015 · 2015
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Jason Weston, Sumit Chopra, and Antoine Bordes. 2015 · 2015
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Outrageously large neural networks: The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer
Noam Shazeer, Azalia Mirhoseini, Krzysztof Maziarz, Andy Davis, Quoc V. Le, Geoffrey E. Hinton, and Jeff Dean. 2017 · 2017
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Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017 · 2017
Cited alongside, same era.
JAX: composable transformations of Python+NumPy programs
James Bradbury, Roy Frostig, Peter Hawkins, Matthew James Johnson, Chris Leary, Dougal Maclaurin, George Necula, Adam Paszke, Jake VanderPlas, Skye Wanderman-Milne, and Qiao Zhang. 2018 · 2018
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SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for neural text processing
Taku Kudo and John Richardson. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Glam: Efficient scaling of language models with mixture-of-experts
Nan Du, Yanping Huang, Andrew M. Dai, Simon Tong, Dmitry Lepikhin, Yuanzhong Xu, Maxim Krikun, Yanqi Zhou, Adams Wei Yu, Orhan Firat, Barret Zoph, Liam Fedus, Maarten Bosma, Zongwei Zhou, Tao Wang, Yu Emma Wang, Kellie Webster, Marie Pellat, Kevin Robinson, Kathy Meier-Hellstern, Toju Duke, Lucas Dixon, Kun Zhang, Quoc V. Le, Yonghui Wu, Zhifeng Chen, and Claire Cui. 2021 · 2021
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Sparse is enough in scaling transformers
Sebastian Jaszczur, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Afroz Mohiuddin, Lukasz Kaiser, Wojciech Gajewski, Henryk Michalewski, and Jonni Kanerva. 2021 · 2021
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Fnet: Mixing tokens with fourier transforms
James Lee-Thorp, Joshua Ainslie, Ilya Eckstein, and Santiago Ontanon. 2021 · 2021
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Gshard: Scaling giant models with conditional computation and automatic sharding
Dmitry Lepikhin, HyoukJoong Lee, Yuanzhong Xu, Dehao Chen, Orhan Firat, Yanping Huang, Maxim Krikun, Noam Shazeer, and Zhifeng Chen. 2021 · 2021
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GLUE: A multi-task benchmark and analysis platform for natural language understanding
Alex Wang, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel Bowman. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Large memory layers with product keys
Guillaume Lample, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Marc’Aurelio Ranzato, Ludovic Denoyer, and Hervé Jégou. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
DARTS: differentiable architecture search
Hanxiao Liu, Karen Simonyan, and Yiming Yang. 2019a · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Superglue: A stickier benchmark for general-purpose language understanding systems
Alex Wang, Yada Pruksachatkun, Nikita Nangia, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel Bowman. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
ELECTRA: pre-training text encoders as discriminators rather than generators
Kevin Clark, Minh-Thang Luong, Quoc V. Le, and Christopher D. Manning. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Flax: A neural network library and ecosystem for JAX
Jonathan Heek, Anselm Levskaya, Avital Oliver, Marvin Ritter, Bertrand Rondepierre, Andreas Steiner, and Marc van Zee. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
BASE layers: Simplifying training of large, sparse models
Mike Lewis, Shruti Bhosale, Tim Dettmers, Naman Goyal, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2021 · 2021
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Pay attention to mlps
Hanxiao Liu, Zihang Dai, David So, and Quoc Le. 2021 · 2021
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Do transformer modifications transfer across implementations and applications?
Sharan Narang, Hyung Won Chung, Yi Tay, Liam Fedus, Thibault Fevry, Michael Matena, Karishma Malkan, Noah Fiedel, Noam Shazeer, Zhenzhong Lan, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, Nan Ding, Jake Marcus, Adam Roberts, and Colin Raffel. 2021 · 2021
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Scaling vision with sparse mixture of experts
Carlos Riquelme, Joan Puigcerver, Basil Mustafa, Maxim Neumann, Rodolphe Jenatton, André Susano Pinto, Daniel Keysers, and Neil Houlsby. 2021 · 2021
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Hash layers for large sparse models
Stephen Roller, Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, Arthur Szlam, and Jason Weston. 2021 · 2021
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Long range arena : A benchmark for efficient transformers
Yi Tay, Mostafa Dehghani, Samira Abnar, Yikang Shen, Dara Bahri, Philip Pham, Jinfeng Rao, Liu Yang, Sebastian Ruder, and Donald Metzler. 2021a · 2021
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Mlp-mixer: An all-mlp architecture for vision
Ilya O Tolstikhin, Neil Houlsby, Alexander Kolesnikov, Lucas Beyer, Xiaohua Zhai, Thomas Unterthiner, Jessica Yung, Andreas Steiner, Daniel Keysers, Jakob Uszkoreit, et al. 2021 · 2021
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Unified scaling laws for routed language models
Aidan Clark, Diego de Las Casas, Aurelia Guy, Arthur Mensch, Michela Paganini, Jordan Hoffmann, Bogdan Damoc, Blake A. Hechtman, Trevor Cai, Sebastian Borgeaud, George van den Driessche, Eliza Rutherford, Tom Hennigan, Matthew Johnson, Katie Millican, Albin Cassirer, Chris Jones, Elena Buchatskaya, David Budden, Laurent Sifre, Simon Osindero, Oriol Vinyals, Jack W. Rae, Erich Elsen, Koray Kavukcuoglu, and Karen Simonyan. 2022 · 2022
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Switch transformers: Scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity
William Fedus, Barret Zoph, and Noam Shazeer. 2022 · 2022
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Training compute-optimal large language models
Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, et al. 2022 · 2022
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Multimodal contrastive learning with limoe: the language-image mixture of experts
Basil Mustafa, Carlos Riquelme, Joan Puigcerver, Rodolphe Jenatton, and Neil Houlsby. 2022 · 2022
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Mixture-of-experts with expert choice routing
Yanqi Zhou, Tao Lei, Hanxiao Liu, Nan Du, Yanping Huang, Vincent Y. Zhao, Andrew M. Dai, Zhifeng Chen, Quoc Le, and James Laudon. 2022 · 2022
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Designing effective sparse expert models
Barret Zoph, Irwan Bello, Sameer Kumar, Nan Du, Yanping Huang, Jeff Dean, Noam Shazeer, and William Fedus. 2022 · 2022
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