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The performance of a language model has been shown to be effectively modeled as a power-law in its parameter count.
On the Translocation of Masses
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Estimating or propagating gradients through stochastic neurons for conditional computation
Yoshua Bengio, Nicholas Léonard, and Aaron C. Courville · 2013
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Sinkhorn distances: Lightspeed computation of optimal transport
Marco Cuturi · 2013
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Deep sequential neural networks
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Learning factored representations in a deep mixture of experts
David Eigen, Marc’Aurelio Ranzato, and Ilya Sutskever · 2014
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Conditional computation in neural networks for faster models
Emmanuel Bengio, Pierre-Luc Bacon, Joelle Pineau, and Doina Precup · 2016
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Pointer sentinel mixture models
Stephen Merity, Caiming Xiong, James Bradbury, and Richard Socher · 2016
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The lambada dataset: Word prediction requiring a broad discourse context
Denis Paperno, Germán Kruszewski, Angeliki Lazaridou, Ngoc-Quan Pham, Raffaella Bernardi, Sandro Pezzelle, Marco Baroni, Gemma Boleda, and Raquel Fernández · 2016
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On Reinforcement Learning for Deep Neural Architectures: Conditional Computation with Stochastic Computation Policies
Emmanuel Bengio · 2017
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Outrageously large neural networks: The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer
Noam Shazeer, Azalia Mirhoseini, Krzysztof Maziarz, Andy Davis, Quoc Le, Geoffrey Hinton, and Jeff Dean · 2017
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Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin · 2017
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Jax: composable transformations of Python + NumPy programs, 2018
James Bradbury, Roy Frostig, Peter Hawkins, Matthew James Johnson, Chris Leary, Dougal Maclaurin, and Skye Wanderman-Milne · 2018
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Sentencepiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for neural text processing
Taku Kudo and John Richardson · 2018
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Decoupled weight decay regularization
Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter · 2018
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An empirical model of large-batch training
Sam McCandlish, Jared Kaplan, Dario Amodei, and OpenAI Dota Team · 2018
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Diversity and depth in per-example routing models
Prajit Ramachandran and Quoc V Le · 2018
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Routing networks: Adaptive selection of non-linear functions for multi-task learning
Clemens Rosenbaum, Tim Klinger, and Matthew Riemer · 2018
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Reinforcement learning: An introduction
Richard S Sutton and Andrew G Barto · 2018
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Transformer-XL: Attentive language models beyond a fixed-length context
Zihang Dai, Zhilin Yang, Yiming Yang, Jaime G Carbonell, Quoc Le, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov · 2019
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The curious case of neural text degeneration
Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J Liu · 2020
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ZeRO: Memory optimizations toward training trillion parameter models
Samyam Rajbhandari, Jeff Rasley, Olatunji Ruwase, and Yuxiong He · 2020
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Efficient Large Scale Language Modeling with Mixtures of Experts
Mikel Artetxe, Shruti Bhosale, Naman Goyal, Todor Mihaylov, Myle Ott, Sam Shleifer, Xi Victoria Lin, Jingfei Du, Srinivasan Iyer, Ramakanth Pasunuru, Giri Anantharaman, Xian Li, Shuohui Chen, Halil Akin, Mandeep Baines, Louis Martin, Xing Zhou, Punit Singh Koura, Brian O’Horo, Jeff Wang, Luke Zettlemoyer, Mona Diab, Zornitsa Kozareva, and Ves Stoyanov · 2021
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Explaining neural scaling laws
Yasaman Bahri, Ethan Dyer, Jared Kaplan, Jaehoon Lee, and Utkarsh Sharma · 2021
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Ari Holtzman, Jan Buys, Maxwell Forbes, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Gpipe: Efficient training of giant neural networks using pipeline parallelism
Yanping Huang, Youlong Cheng, Ankur Bapna, Orhan Firat, Dehao Chen, Mia Chen, HyoukJoong Lee, Jiquan Ngiam, Quoc V Le, Yonghui Wu, et al · 2019
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Pipedream: Generalized pipeline parallelism for dnn training
Deepak Narayanan, Aaron Harlap, Amar Phanishayee, Vivek Seshadri, Nikhil R. Devanur, Gregory R. Ganger, Phillip B. Gibbons, and Matei Zaharia · 2019
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Computational Optimal Transport
Gabriel Peyré and Marco Cuturi · 2019
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Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al · 2019
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Routing networks and the challenges of modular and compositional computation
Clemens Rosenbaum, Ignacio Cases, Matthew Riemer, and Tim Klinger · 2019
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A constructive prediction of the generalization error across scales
Jonathan S Rosenfeld, Amir Rosenfeld, Yonatan Belinkov, and Nir Shavit · 2019
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Lucas Caccia, Jing Xu, Myle Ott, Marc’Aurelio Ranzato, and Ludovic Denoyer · 2021
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Glam: Efficient scaling of language models with mixture-of-experts
Nan Du, Yanping Huang, Andrew M. Dai, Simon Tong, Dmitry Lepikhin, Yuanzhong Xu, Maxim Krikun, Yanqi Zhou, Adams Wei Yu, Orhan Firat, Barret Zoph, Liam Fedus, Maarten Bosma, Zongwei Zhou, Tao Wang, Yu Emma Wang, Kellie Webster, Marie Pellat, Kevin Robinson, Kathy Meier-Hellstern, Toju Duke, Lucas Dixon, Kun Zhang, Quoc V Le, Yonghui Wu, Zhifeng Chen, and Claire Cui · 2021
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Switch transformers: Scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity
William Fedus, Barret Zoph, and Noam Shazeer · 2021
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Scaling laws for neural machine translation
Behrooz Ghorbani, Orhan Firat, Markus Freitag, Ankur Bapna, Maxim Krikun, Xavier Garcia, Ciprian Chelba, and Colin Cherry · 2021
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Dselect-k: Differentiable selection in the mixture of experts with applications to multi-task learning
Hussein Hazimeh, Zhe Zhao, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Maheswaran Sathiamoorthy, Yihua Chen, Rahul Mazumder, Lichan Hong, and Ed H Chi · 2021
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Danny Hernandez, Jared Kaplan, Tom Henighan, and Sam McCandlish · 2021
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Marcus Hutter · 2021
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Scalable and efficient MoE training for multitask multilingual models
Young Jin Kim, Ammar Ahmad Awan, Alexandre Muzio, Andres Felipe Cruz Salinas, Liyang Lu, Amr Hendy, Samyam Rajbhandari, Yuxiong He, and Hany Hassan Awadalla · 2021
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Unbiased gradient estimation with balanced assignments for mixtures of experts
Wouter Kool, Chris J. Maddison, and Andriy Mnih · 2021
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BASE layers: Simplifying training of large, sparse models
Mike Lewis, Shruti Bhosale, Tim Dettmers, Naman Goyal, and Luke Zettlemoyer · 2021
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Jurassic-1: Technical details and evaluation
Opher Lieber, Or Sharir, Barak Lenz, and Yoav Shoham · 2021
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Dense-to-sparse gate for mixture-of-experts
Xiaonan Nie, Shijie Cao, Xupeng Miao, Lingxiao Ma, Jilong Xue, Youshan Miao, Zichao Yang, Zhi Yang, and Bin Cui · 2021
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Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher
Jack W. Rae, Sebastian Borgeaud, Trevor Cai, Katie Millican, Jordan Hoffmann, Francis Song, John Aslanides, Sarah Henderson, Roman Ring, Susannah Young, Eliza Rutherford, Tom Hennigan, Jacob Menick, Albin Cassirer, Richard Powell, George van den Driessche, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Maribeth Rauh, Po-Sen Huang, Amelia Glaese, Johannes Welbl, Sumanth Dathathri, Saffron Huang, Jonathan Uesato, John Mellor, Irina Higgins, Antonia Creswell, Nat McAleese, Amy Wu, Erich Elsen, Siddhant Jayakumar, Elena Buchatskaya, David Budden, Esme Sutherland, Karen Simonyan, Michela Paganini, Laurent Sifre, Lena Martens, Xiang Lorraine Li, Adhiguna Kuncoro, Aida Nematzadeh, Elena Gribovskaya, Domenic Donato, Angeliki Lazaridou, Arthur Mensch, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Maria Tsimpoukelli, Nikolai Grigorev, Doug Fritz, Thibault Sottiaux, Mantas Pajarskas, Toby Pohlen, Zhitao Gong, Daniel Toyama, Cyprien de Masson d’Autume, Yujia Li, Tayfun Terzi, Vladimir Mikulik, Igor Babuschkin, Aidan Clark, Diego de Las Casas, Aurelia Guy, Chris Jones, James Bradbury, Matthew Johnson, Blake Hechtman, Laura Weidinger, Iason Gabriel, William Isaac, Ed Lockhart, Simon Osindero, Laura Rimell, Chris Dyer, Oriol Vinyals, Kareem Ayoub, Jeff Stanway, Lorrayne Bennett, Demis Hassabis, Koray Kavukcuoglu, and Geoffrey Irving · 2021
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Hash layers for large sparse models
Stephen Roller, Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, Arthur Szlam, and Jason Weston · 2021
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Deepspeed-moe: Advancing mixture-of-experts inference and training to power next-generation AI scale
Samyam Rajbhandari, Conglong Li, Zhewei Yao, Minjia Zhang, Reza Yazdani Aminabadi, Ammar Ahmad Awan, Jeff Rasley, and Yuxiong He · 2022
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