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Agentic search such as Deep Research systems-where agents autonomously browse the web, synthesize information, and return comprehensive citation-backed answers-represents a major shift in how users interact with web-scale information.
A vector space model for automatic indexing
Gerard Salton, Anita Wong, and Chung-Shu Yang · 1975
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The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual web search engine
Sergey Brin and Lawrence Page · 1998
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Learning to rank using gradient descent
Chris Burges, Tal Shaked, Erin Renshaw, Ari Lazier, Matt Deeds, Nicole Hamilton, and Greg Hullender · 2005
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Learning to rank for information retrieval
Tie-Yan Liu et al · 2009
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
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Webgpt: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback
Reiichiro Nakano, Jacob Hilton, Suchir Balaji, Jeff Wu, Long Ouyang, Christina Kim, Christopher Hesse, Shantanu Jain, Vineet Kosaraju, William Saunders, Xu Jiang, Karl Cobbe, Tyna Eloundou, Gretchen Krueger, Kevin Button, Matthew Knight, Benjamin Chess, and John Schulman · 2021
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Webshop: Towards scalable real-world web interaction with grounded language agents
Shunyu Yao, Howard Chen, John Yang, and Karthik Narasimhan · 2022
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Mind2web: Towards a generalist agent for the web
Xiang Deng, Yu Gu, Boyuan Zheng, Shijie Chen, Sam Stevens, Boshi Wang, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2023
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Enabling large language models to generate text with citations
Tianyu Gao, Howard Yen, Jiatong Yu, and Danqi Chen · 2023
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Evaluating verifiability in generative search engines
Nelson F Liu, Tianyi Zhang, and Percy Liang · 2023
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Self-refine: Iterative refinement with self-feedback
Aman Madaan, Niket Tandon, Prakhar Gupta, Skyler Hallinan, Luyu Gao, Sarah Wiegreffe, Uri Alon, Nouha Dziri, Shrimai Prabhumoye, Yiming Yang, et al · 2023
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Gaia: a benchmark for general ai assistants
Grégoire Mialon, Clémentine Fourrier, Thomas Wolf, Yann LeCun, and Thomas Scialom · 2023
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Reflexion: Language agents with verbal reinforcement learning
Noah Shinn, Federico Cassano, Ashwin Gopinath, Karthik Narasimhan, and Shunyu Yao · 2023
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Automatic evaluation of attribution by large language models
Xiang Yue, Boshi Wang, Ziru Chen, Kai Zhang, Yu Su, and Huan Sun · 2023
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Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt-bench and chatbot arena
Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric Xing, et al · 2023
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Chatbot arena: An open platform for evaluating llms by human preference
Wei-Lin Chiang, Lianmin Zheng, Ying Sheng, Anastasios Nikolas Angelopoulos, Tianle Li, Dacheng Li, Banghua Zhu, Hao Zhang, Michael Jordan, Joseph E Gonzalez, et al · 2024
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Webvoyager: Building an end-to-end web agent with large multimodal models
Hongliang He, Wenlin Yao, Kaixin Ma, Wenhao Yu, Yong Dai, Hongming Zhang, Zhenzhong Lan, and Dong Yu · 2024
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Aaron Jaech, Adam Kalai, Adam Lerer, Adam Richardson, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aiden Low, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Alex Beutel, Alex Carney, et al · 2024
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Visualwebarena: Evaluating multimodal agents on realistic visual web tasks
Claude takes research to new places, 2025
Anthropic · 2025
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Gemini deep research
Google · 2025
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Navigating the digital world as humans do: Universal visual grounding for GUI agents
Boyu Gou, Ruohan Wang, Boyuan Zheng, Yanan Xie, Cheng Chang, Yiheng Shu, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2025
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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Open deep research
Hugging Face · 2025
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Perplexity ai
Perplexity AI · 2025
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alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.
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Jing Yu Koh, Robert Lo, Lawrence Jang, Vikram Duvvur, Ming Chong Lim, Po-Yu Huang, Graham Neubig, Shuyan Zhou, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Daniel Fried · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Attributionbench: How hard is automatic attribution evaluation?
Yifei Li, Xiang Yue, Zeyi Liao, and Huan Sun · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Weblinx: Real-world website navigation with multi-turn dialogue
Xing Han Lu, Zdeněk Kasner, and Siva Reddy · 2024
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Introducing ChatGPT search
OpenAI · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
AssistantBench: Can web agents solve realistic and time-consuming tasks?, 2024
Ori Yoran, Samuel Joseph Amouyal, Chaitanya Malaviya, Ben Bogin, Ofir Press, and Jonathan Berant · 2024
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Mmmu: A massive multi-discipline multimodal understanding and reasoning benchmark for expert agi
Xiang Yue, Yuansheng Ni, Kai Zhang, Tianyu Zheng, Ruoqi Liu, Ge Zhang, Samuel Stevens, Dongfu Jiang, Weiming Ren, Yuxuan Sun, et al · 2024
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GPT-4V(ision) is a generalist web agent, if grounded
Boyuan Zheng, Boyu Gou, Jihyung Kil, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Webarena: A realistic web environment for building autonomous agents
Shuyan Zhou, Frank F Xu, Hao Zhu, Xuhui Zhou, Robert Lo, Abishek Sridhar, Xianyi Cheng, Yonatan Bisk, Daniel Fried, Uri Alon, et al · 2024
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Yujia Qin, Yining Ye, Junjie Fang, Haoming Wang, Shihao Liang, Shizuo Tian, Junda Zhang, Jiahao Li, Yunxin Li, Shijue Huang, et al · 2025
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Bearcubs: A benchmark for computer-using web agents
Yixiao Song, Katherine Thai, Chau Minh Pham, Yapei Chang, Mazin Nadaf, and Mohit Iyyer · 2025
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Paperbench: Evaluating ai’s ability to replicate ai research
Giulio Starace, Oliver Jaffe, Dane Sherburn, James Aung, Jun Shern Chan, Leon Maksin, Rachel Dias, Evan Mays, Benjamin Kinsella, Wyatt Thompson, et al · 2025
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Browsecomp: A simple yet challenging benchmark for browsing agents
Jason Wei, Zhiqing Sun, Spencer Papay, Scott McKinney, Jeffrey Han, Isa Fulford, Hyung Won Chung, Alex Tachard Passos, William Fedus, and Amelia Glaese · 2025
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Webwalker: Benchmarking llms in web traversal
Jialong Wu, Wenbiao Yin, Yong Jiang, Zhenglin Wang, Zekun Xi, Runnan Fang, Linhai Zhang, Yulan He, Deyu Zhou, Pengjun Xie, et al · 2025
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Grok 3 beta — the age of reasoning agents
xAI · 2025
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An illusion of progress? assessing the current state of web agents
Tianci Xue, Weijian Qi, Tianneng Shi, Chan Hee Song, Boyu Gou, Dawn Song, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2025
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