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As digitalization and cloud technologies evolve, the web is becoming increasingly important in the modern society.
World of bits: An open-domain platform for web-based agents
Tianlin Shi, Andrej Karpathy, Linxi Fan, Jonathan Hernandez, and Percy Liang · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
Fine-tuning language models from human preferences, 2019
Daniel M Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B Brown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Christiano, and Geoffrey Irving · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
A data-driven approach for learning to control computers
Peter C Humphreys, David Raposo, Tobias Pohlen, Gregory Thornton, Rachita Chhaparia, Alistair Muldal, Josh Abramson, Petko Georgiev, Adam Santoro, and Timothy Lillicrap · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Webshop: Towards scalable real-world web interaction with grounded language agents
Shunyu Yao, Howard Chen, John Yang, and Karthik Narasimhan · 2022
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Benchmarking foundation models with language-model-as-an-examiner
Yushi Bai, Jiahao Ying, Yixin Cao, Xin Lv, Yuze He, Xiaozhi Wang, Jifan Yu, Kaisheng Zeng, Yijia Xiao, Haozhe Lyu, et al · 2023
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Mind2web: Towards a generalist agent for the web
Xiang Deng, Yu Gu, Boyuan Zheng, Shijie Chen, Sam Stevens, Boshi Wang, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2023
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The devil is in the errors: Leveraging large language models for fine-grained machine translation evaluation
Patrick Fernandes, Daniel Deutsch, Mara Finkelstein, Parker Riley, André Martins, Graham Neubig, Ankush Garg, Jonathan Clark, Markus Freitag, and Orhan Firat · 2023
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Do language models have a common sense regarding time? revisiting temporal commonsense reasoning in the era of large language models
Raghav Jain, Daivik Sojitra, Arkadeep Acharya, Sriparna Saha, Adam Jatowt, and Sandipan Dandapat · 2023
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Alpacaeval: An automatic evaluator of instruction-following models
Xuechen Li, Tianyi Zhang, Yann Dubois, Rohan Taori, Ishaan Gulrajani, Carlos Guestrin, Percy Liang, and Tatsunori B. Hashimoto · 2023
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Limitations of language models in arithmetic and symbolic induction
Jing Qian, Hong Wang, Zekun Li, Shiyang Li, and Xifeng Yan · 2023
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Reflexion: Language agents with verbal reinforcement learning
Noah Shinn, Federico Cassano, Ashwin Gopinath, Karthik Narasimhan, and Shunyu Yao · 2023
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Cognitive architectures for language agents
Theodore Sumers, Shunyu Yao, Karthik Narasimhan, and Thomas Griffiths · 2023
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Tianci Xue, Ziqi Wang, Zhenhailong Wang, Chi Han, Pengfei Yu, and Heng Ji · 2023
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Large language model as attributed training data generator: A tale of diversity and bias
Yue Yu, Yuchen Zhuang, Jieyu Zhang, Yu Meng, Alexander J Ratner, Ranjay Krishna, Jiaming Shen, and Chao Zhang · 2023
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Scaling relationship on learning mathematical reasoning with large language models, 2023
Zheng Yuan, Hongyi Yuan, Chengpeng Li, Guanting Dong, Keming Lu, Chuanqi Tan, Chang Zhou, and Jingren Zhou · 2023
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Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt-bench and chatbot arena
Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric Xing, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Agent-e: From autonomous web navigation to foundational design principles in agentic systems
Tamer Abuelsaad, Deepak Akkil, Prasenjit Dey, Ashish Jagmohan, Aditya Vempaty, and Ravi Kokku · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Developing a computer use model
Anthropic · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Multimodal auto validation for self-refinement in web agents, 2024
Ruhana Azam, Tamer Abuelsaad, Aditya Vempaty, and Ashish Jagmohan · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Unveiling the flaws: Exploring imperfections in synthetic data and mitigation strategies for large language models
Jie Chen, Yupeng Zhang, Bingning Wang, Xin Zhao, Ji-Rong Wen, and Weipeng Chen · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
REFINER: Reasoning feedback on intermediate representations
Debjit Paul, Mete Ismayilzada, Maxime Peyrard, Beatriz Borges, Antoine Bosselut, Robert West, and Boi Faltings · 2024
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Language agents: Foundations, prospects, and risks
Yu Su, Diyi Yang, Shunyu Yao, and Tao Yu · 2024
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Self-preference bias in llm-as-a-judge
Koki Wataoka, Tsubasa Takahashi, and Ryokan Ri · 2024
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Os-copilot: Towards generalist computer agents with self-improvement
Zhiyong Wu, Chengcheng Han, Zichen Ding, Zhenmin Weng, Zhoumianze Liu, Shunyu Yao, Tao Yu, and Lingpeng Kong · 2024
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Osworld: Benchmarking multimodal agents for open-ended tasks in real computer environments
Tianbao Xie, Danyang Zhang, Jixuan Chen, Xiaochuan Li, Siheng Zhao, Ruisheng Cao, Jing Hua Toh, Zhoujun Cheng, Dongchan Shin, Fangyu Lei, et al · 2024
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Multimodal web navigation with instruction-finetuned foundation models
Hiroki Furuta, Kuang-Huei Lee, Ofir Nachum, Yutaka Matsuo, Aleksandra Faust, Shixiang Shane Gu, and Izzeddin Gur · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Is your llm secretly a world model of the internet? model-based planning for web agents
Yu Gu, Boyuan Zheng, Boyu Gou, Kai Zhang, Cheng Chang, Sanjari Srivastava, Yanan Xie, Peng Qi, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
A real-world webagent with planning, long context understanding, and program synthesis
Izzeddin Gur, Hiroki Furuta, Austin V Huang, Mustafa Safdari, Yutaka Matsuo, Douglas Eck, and Aleksandra Faust · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
WebVoyager: Building an end-to-end web agent with large multimodal models
Hongliang He, Wenlin Yao, Kaixin Ma, Wenhao Yu, Yong Dai, Hongming Zhang, Zhenzhong Lan, and Dong Yu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
CogAgent: A visual language model for GUI agents
Wenyi Hong, Weihan Wang, Qingsong Lv, Jiazheng Xu, Wenmeng Yu, Junhui Ji, Yan Wang, Zihan Wang, Yuxiao Dong, Ming Ding, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
The dawn of GUI agent: A preliminary case study with claude 3.5 computer use
Siyuan Hu, Mingyu Ouyang, Difei Gao, and Mike Zheng Shou · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
VisualWebArena: Evaluating multimodal agents on realistic visual web tasks
Jing Yu Koh, Robert Lo, Lawrence Jang, Vikram Duvvur, Ming Lim, Po-Yu Huang, Graham Neubig, Shuyan Zhou, Russ Salakhutdinov, and Daniel Fried · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
AssistantBench: Can web agents solve realistic and time-consuming tasks?
Ori Yoran, Samuel Joseph Amouyal, Chaitanya Malaviya, Ben Bogin, Ofir Press, and Jonathan Berant · 2024
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Gpt-4v(ision) is a generalist web agent, if grounded
Boyuan Zheng, Boyu Gou, Jihyung Kil, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2024
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Claude 3.7 sonnet and claude code
Anthropic · 2025
Closest in time.
Qwen2.5-vl technical report, 2025
Shuai Bai, Keqin Chen, Xuejing Liu, Jialin Wang, Wenbin Ge, Sibo Song, Kai Dang, Peng Wang, Shijie Wang, Jun Tang, Humen Zhong, Yuanzhi Zhu, Mingkun Yang, Zhaohai Li, Jianqiang Wan, Pengfei Wang, Wei Ding, Zheren Fu, Yiheng Xu, Jiabo Ye, Xi Zhang, Tianbao Xie, Zesen Cheng, Hang Zhang, Zhibo Yang, Haiyang Xu, and Junyang Lin · 2025
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Project mariner, 2024
Google DeepMind · 2025
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Navigating the digital world as humans do: Universal visual grounding for GUI agents
Boyu Gou, Ruohan Wang, Boyuan Zheng, Yanan Xie, Cheng Chang, Yiheng Shu, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2025
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A research update… charting a new route: The tech behind runner h’s state-of-the-art results, 2025
H Company · 2025
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Agentrewardbench: Evaluating automatic evaluations of web agent trajectories, 2025
Xing Han Lù, Amirhossein Kazemnejad, Nicholas Meade, Arkil Patel, Dongchan Shin, Alejandra Zambrano, Karolina Stańczak, Peter Shaw, Christopher J. Pal, and Siva Reddy · 2025
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Introducing operator
OpenAI · 2025
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WebRL: Training LLM web agents via self-evolving online curriculum reinforcement learning
Zehan Qi, Xiao Liu, Iat Long Iong, Hanyu Lai, Xueqiao Sun, Jiadai Sun, Xinyue Yang, Yu Yang, Shuntian Yao, Wei Xu, Jie Tang, and Yuxiao Dong · 2025
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Agenttrek: Agent trajectory synthesis via guiding replay with web tutorials
Yiheng Xu, Dunjie Lu, Zhennan Shen, Junli Wang, Zekun Wang, Yuchen Mao, Caiming Xiong, and Tao Yu · 2025
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