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Generative Large Language Models (LLMs) infer user's demographic information from subtle cues in the conversation -- a phenomenon called implicit personalization.
A mathematical theory of communication
C. E. Shannon. 1948 · 1948
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CrowS-pairs: A challenge dataset for measuring social biases in masked language models
Nikita Nangia, Clara Vania, Rasika Bhalerao, and Samuel R. Bowman. 2020 · 1967
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User models in dialog systems
Wolfgang Wahlster and Alfred Kobsa. 1989 · 1989
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Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Anthony G Greenwald and Mahzarin R Banaji. 1995 · 1995
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A personalized system for conversational recommendations
Cynthia A Thompson, Mehmet H Goker, and Pat Langley. 2004 · 2004
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Example-based chat-oriented dialogue system with personalized long-term memory
Jeesoo Bang, Hyungjong Noh, Yonghee Kim, and Gary Geunbae Lee. 2015 · 2015
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Acquisition and use of long-term memory for personalized dialog systems
Yonghee Kim, Jeesoo Bang, Junhwi Choi, Seonghan Ryu, Sangjun Koo, and Gary Geunbae Lee. 2015 · 2015
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Remembering a conversation–a conversational memory architecture for embodied conversational agents
Miguel Elvir, Avelino J Gonzalez, Christopher Walls, and Bryan Wilder. 2017 · 2017
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Challenges in exploiting conversational memory in human-agent interaction
Joana Campos, James Kennedy, and Jill F. Lehman. 2018 · 2018
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Designing and interpreting probes with control tasks
John Hewitt and Percy Liang. 2019 · 2019
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Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing
Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, Remi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, Joe Davison, Sam Shleifer, Patrick von Platen, Clara Ma, Yacine Jernite, Julien Plu, Canwen Xu, Teven Le Scao, Sylvain Gugger, Mariama Drame, Quentin Lhoest, and Alexander Rush. 2020 · 2020
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2021 · 2021
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StereoSet: Measuring stereotypical bias in pretrained language models
Moin Nadeem, Anna Bethke, and Siva Reddy. 2021 · 2021
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Probing classifiers: Promises, shortcomings, and advances
Yonatan Belinkov. 2022 · 2022
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On measures of biases and harms in NLP
Sunipa Dev, Emily Sheng, Jieyu Zhao, Aubrie Amstutz, Jiao Sun, Yu Hou, Mattie Sanseverino, Jiin Kim, Akihiro Nishi, Nanyun Peng, and Kai-Wei Chang. 2022 · 2022
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SocioProbe: What, when, and where language models learn about sociodemographics
Anne Lauscher, Federico Bianchi, Samuel R. Bowman, and Dirk Hovy. 2022 · 2022
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Long time no see! open-domain conversation with long-term persona memory
Xinchao Xu, Zhibin Gou, Wenquan Wu, Zheng-Yu Niu, Hua Wu, Haifeng Wang, and Shihang Wang. 2022 · 2022
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Marked personas: Using natural language prompts to measure stereotypes in language models
Myra Cheng, Esin Durmus, and Dan Jurafsky. 2023 · 2023
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Intersectional stereotypes in large language models: Dataset and analysis
Weicheng Ma, Brian Chiang, Tong Wu, Lili Wang, and Soroush Vosoughi. 2023 · 2023
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The shifted and the overlooked: A task-oriented investigation of user-GPT interactions
Siru Ouyang, Shuohang Wang, Yang Liu, Ming Zhong, Yizhu Jiao, Dan Iter, Reid Pryzant, Chenguang Zhu, Heng Ji, and Jiawei Han. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Personas as a way to model truthfulness in language models
Nitish Joshi, Javier Rando, Abulhair Saparov, Najoung Kim, and He He. 2024 · 2024
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MT-eval: A multi-turn capabilities evaluation benchmark for large language models
Wai-Chung Kwan, Xingshan Zeng, Yuxin Jiang, Yufei Wang, Liangyou Li, Lifeng Shang, Xin Jiang, Qun Liu, and Kam-Fai Wong. 2024 · 2024
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Evaluating very long-term conversational memory of LLM agents
Adyasha Maharana, Dong-Ho Lee, Sergey Tulyakov, Mohit Bansal, Francesco Barbieri, and Yuwei Fang. 2024 · 2024
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“You Gotta be a Doctor, Lin” : An Investigation of Name-Based Bias of Large Language Models in Employment Recommendations
Huy Nghiem, John Prindle, Jieyu Zhao, and Hal Daumé Iii. 2024 · 2024
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Know me, respond to me: Benchmarking LLMs for dynamic user profiling and personalized responses at scale
Bowen Jiang, Zhuoqun Hao, Young Min Cho, Bryan Li, Yuan Yuan, Sihao Chen, Lyle Ungar, Camillo Jose Taylor, and Dan Roth. 2025 · 2025
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Language models don’t always say what they think: Unfaithful explanations in chain-of-thought prompting
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Instruction-following evaluation for large language models
Jeffrey Zhou, Tianjian Lu, Swaroop Mishra, Siddhartha Brahma, Sujoy Basu, Yi Luan, Denny Zhou, and Le Hou. 2023 · 2023
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Llama 3.1 model card
AI@Meta. 2024 · 2024
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MT-bench-101: A fine-grained benchmark for evaluating large language models in multi-turn dialogues
Ge Bai, Jie Liu, Xingyuan Bu, Yancheng He, Jiaheng Liu, Zhanhui Zhou, Zhuoran Lin, Wenbo Su, Tiezheng Ge, Bo Zheng, and Wanli Ouyang. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Gemma 2 model card
Google. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Sociodemographic bias in language models: A survey and forward path
Vipul Gupta, Pranav Narayanan Venkit, Shomir Wilson, and Rebecca Passonneau. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
RULER: What’s the real context size of your long-context language models?
Cheng-Ping Hsieh, Simeng Sun, Samuel Kriman, Shantanu Acharya, Dima Rekesh, Fei Jia, and Boris Ginsburg. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Probing then editing response personality of large language models
Tianjie Ju, Zhenyu Shao, Bowen Wang, Yujia Chen, Zhuosheng Zhang, Hao Fei, Mong-Li Lee, Wynne Hsu, Sufeng Duan, and Gongshen Liu. 2025 · 2025
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Stereotype or personalization? user identity biases chatbot recommendations
Anjali Kantharuban, Jeremiah Milbauer, Maarten Sap, Emma Strubell, and Graham Neubig. 2025 · 2025
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The LLM Wears Prada: Analysing Gender Bias and Stereotypes through Online Shopping Data
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Team OLMo, Pete Walsh, Luca Soldaini, Dirk Groeneveld, Kyle Lo, Shane Arora, Akshita Bhagia, Yuling Gu, Shengyi Huang, Matt Jordan, Nathan Lambert, Dustin Schwenk, Oyvind Tafjord, Taira Anderson, David Atkinson, Faeze Brahman, Christopher Clark, Pradeep Dasigi, Nouha Dziri, Michal Guerquin, Hamish Ivison, Pang Wei Koh, Jiacheng Liu, Saumya Malik, William Merrill, Lester James V. Miranda, Jacob Morrison, Tyler Murray, Crystal Nam, Valentina Pyatkin, Aman Rangapur, Michael Schmitz, Sam Skjonsberg, David Wadden, Christopher Wilhelm, Michael Wilson, Luke Zettlemoyer, Ali Farhadi, Noah A. Smith, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2025 · 2025
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Presumed Cultural Identity: How Names Shape LLM Responses
Siddhesh Pawar, Arnav Arora, Lucie-Aimée Kaffee, and Isabelle Augenstein. 2025 · 2025
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Distinct social-linguistic processing between humans and large audio-language models: Evidence from model-brain alignment
Hanlin Wu, Xufeng Duan, and Zhenguang Cai. 2025 · 2025
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Understanding and Mitigating Gender Bias in LLMs via Interpretable Neuron Editing
Zeping Yu and Sophia Ananiadou. 2025 · 2025
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Representation Engineering: A Top-Down Approach to AI Transparency
Andy Zou, Long Phan, Sarah Chen, James Campbell, Phillip Guo, Richard Ren, Alexander Pan, Xuwang Yin, Mantas Mazeika, Ann-Kathrin Dombrowski, Shashwat Goel, Nathaniel Li, Michael J. Byun, Zifan Wang, Alex Mallen, Steven Basart, Sanmi Koyejo, Dawn Song, Matt Fredrikson, J. Zico Kolter, and Dan Hendrycks. 2025 · 2025
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BBQ: A hand-built bias benchmark for question answering
Alicia Parrish, Angelica Chen, Nikita Nangia, Vishakh Padmakumar, Jason Phang, Jana Thompson, Phu Mon Htut, and Samuel Bowman. 2022 · 2086
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