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Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) and their multimodal extensions (MLLMs) have substantially enhanced machine reasoning across diverse tasks.
Dual coding theory: Retrospect and current status
Allan Paivio · 1991
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Imagining predictions: mental imagery as mental emulation
Samuel T. Moulton and Stephen M. Kosslyn · 2009
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G Brockman · 2016
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Making the V in VQA matter: Elevating the role of image understanding in Visual Question Answering
Yash Goyal, Tejas Khot, Douglas Summers-Stay, Dhruv Batra, and Devi Parikh · 2017
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Vizwiz grand challenge: Answering visual questions from blind people
Danna Gurari, Qing Li, Abigale J Stangl, Anhong Guo, Chi Lin, Kristen Grauman, Jiebo Luo, and Jeffrey P Bigham · 2018
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David Ha and Jürgen Schmidhuber · 2018
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Learning latent dynamics for planning from pixels
Danijar Hafner, Timothy Lillicrap, Ian Fischer, Ruben Villegas, David Ha, Honglak Lee, and James Davidson · 2019
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Decoupled weight decay regularization
Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter · 2019
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel M. Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Christopher Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei · 2020
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Recurrent neural circuits for contour detection
Drew Linsley*, Junkyung Kim*, Alekh Ashok, and Thomas Serre · 2020
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Trl: Transformer reinforcement learning
Leandro von Werra, Younes Belkada, Lewis Tunstall, Edward Beeching, Tristan Thrush, Nathan Lambert, Shengyi Huang, Kashif Rasul, and Quentin Gallouédec · 2020
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CrossVQA: Scalably generating benchmarks for systematically testing VQA generalization
Arjun Akula, Soravit Changpinyo, Boqing Gong, Piyush Sharma, Song-Chun Zhu, and Radu Soricut · 2021
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Taming transformers for high-resolution image synthesis
Patrick Esser, Robin Rombach, and Bjorn Ommer · 2021
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Vision-and-language navigation: A survey of tasks, methods, and future directions
Jing Gu, Eliana Stefani, Qi Wu, Jesse Thomason, and Xin Wang · 2022
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Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models
Edward J. Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, and Weizhu Chen · 2022
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al · 2022
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Rohan Anil, Andrew M Dai, Orhan Firat, Melvin Johnson, Dmitry Lepikhin, Alexandre Passos, Siamak Shakeri, Emanuel Taropa, Paige Bailey, Zhifeng Chen, et al · 2023
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A configurable library for generating and manipulating maze datasets
Michael Igorevich Ivanitskiy, Rusheb Shah, Alex F Spies, Tilman Räuker, Dan Valentine, Can Rager, Lucia Quirke, Chris Mathwin, Guillaume Corlouer, Cecilia Diniz Behn, et al · 2023
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Mini-BEHAVIOR: A procedurally generated benchmark for long-horizon decision-making in embodied AI
Emily Jin, Jiaheng Hu, Zhuoyi Huang, Ruohan Zhang, Jiajun Wu, Li Fei-Fei, and Roberto Martín-Martín · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Ds-1000: A natural and reliable benchmark for data science code generation
Yuhang Lai, Chengxi Li, Yiming Wang, Tianyi Zhang, Ruiqi Zhong, Luke Zettlemoyer, Wen-tau Yih, Daniel Fried, Sida Wang, and Tao Yu · 2023
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Visual spatial reasoning
Fangyu Liu, Guy Emerson, and Nigel Collier · 2023
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Sequential modeling enables scalable learning for large vision models
Yutong Bai, Xinyang Geng, Karttikeya Mangalam, Amir Bar, Alan L. Yuille, Trevor Darrell, Jitendra Malik, and Alexei A. Efros · 2024
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M 3 CoT: A novel benchmark for multi-domain multi-step multi-modal chain-of-thought
Qiguang Chen, Libo Qin, Jin Zhang, Zhi Chen, Xiao Xu, and Wanxiang Che · 2024
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Shuai Bai, Keqin Chen, Xuejing Liu, Jialin Wang, Wenbin Ge, Sibo Song, Kai Dang, Peng Wang, Shijie Wang, Jun Tang, et al · 2025
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Genie 3: A new frontier for world models
Philip J. Ball, Jakob Bauer, Frank Belletti, Bethanie Brownfield, Ariel Ephrat, Shlomi Fruchter, Agrim Gupta, Kristian Holsheimer, Aleksander Holynski, Jiri Hron, Christos Kaplanis, Marjorie Limont, Matt McGill, Yanko Oliveira, Jack Parker-Holder, Frank Perbet, Guy Scully, Jeremy Shar, Stephen Spencer, Omer Tov, Ruben Villegas, Emma Wang, Jessica Yung, Cip Baetu, Jordi Berbel, David Bridson, Jake Bruce, Gavin Buttimore, Sarah Chakera, Bilva Chandra, Paul Collins, Alex Cullum, Bogdan Damoc, Vibha Dasagi, Maxime Gazeau, Charles Gbadamosi, Woohyun Han, Ed Hirst, Ashyana Kachra, Lucie Kerley, Kristian Kjems, Eva Knoepfel, Vika Koriakin, Jessica Lo, Cong Lu, Zeb Mehring, Alex Moufarek, Henna Nandwani, Valeria Oliveira, Fabio Pardo, Jane Park, Andrew Pierson, Ben Poole, Helen Ran, Tim Salimans, Manuel Sanchez, Igor Saprykin, Amy Shen, Sailesh Sidhwani, Duncan Smith, Joe Stanton, Hamish Tomlinson, Dimple Vijaykumar, Luyu Wang, Piers Wingfield, Nat Wong, Keyang Xu, Christopher Yew, Nick Young, Vadim Zubov, Douglas Eck, Dumitru Erhan, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Demis Hassabis, Zoubin Gharamani, Raia Hadsell, Aäron van den Oord, Inbar Mosseri, Adrian Bolton, Satinder Singh, and Tim Rocktäschel · 2025
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Comt: A novel benchmark for chain of multi-modal thought on large vision-language models
Zihui Cheng, Qiguang Chen, Jin Zhang, Hao Fei, Xiaocheng Feng, Wanxiang Che, Min Li, and Libo Qin · 2025
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Ethan Chern, Jiadi Su, Yan Ma, and Pengfei Liu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Don’t look twice: Faster video transformers with run-length tokenization
Rohan Choudhury, Guanglei Zhu, Sihan Liu, Koichiro Niinuma, Kris Kitani, and László Jeni · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Visual sketchpad: Sketching as a visual chain of thought for multimodal language models
Yushi Hu, Weijia Shi, Xingyu Fu, Dan Roth, Mari Ostendorf, Luke Zettlemoyer, Noah A Smith, and Ranjay Krishna · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Aaron Hurst, Adam Lerer, Adam P Goucher, Adam Perelman, Aditya Ramesh, Aidan Clark, AJ Ostrow, Akila Welihinda, Alan Hayes, Alec Radford, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaffolding coordinates to promote vision-language coordination in large multi-modal models
Xuanyu Lei, Zonghan Yang, Xinrui Chen, Peng Li, and Yang Liu · 2024
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TopViewRS: Vision-language models as top-view spatial reasoners
Chengzu Li, Caiqi Zhang, Han Zhou, Nigel Collier, Anna Korhonen, and Ivan Vulić · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Semantic map-based generation of navigation instructions
Chengzu Li, Chao Zhang, Simone Teufel, Rama Sanand Doddipatla, and Svetlana Stoyanchev · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
SFT memorizes, RL generalizes: A comparative study of foundation model post-training
Tianzhe Chu, Yuexiang Zhai, Jihan Yang, Shengbang Tong, Saining Xie, Sergey Levine, and Yi Ma · 2025
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Gemini 2.5: Our most intelligent AI model
Gemini · 2025
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Can mllms reason in multimodality? emma: An enhanced multimodal reasoning benchmark
Yunzhuo Hao, Jiawei Gu, Huichen Will Wang, Linjie Li, Zhengyuan Yang, Lijuan Wang, and Yu Cheng · 2025
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T2i-r1: Reinforcing image generation with collaborative semantic-level and token-level cot
Dongzhi Jiang, Ziyu Guo, Renrui Zhang, Zhuofan Zong, Hao Li, Le Zhuo, Shilin Yan, Pheng-Ann Heng, and Hongsheng Li · 2025
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Experiment with gemini 2.0 flash native image generation, March 2025
Kat Kampf and Nicole Brichtova · 2025
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Imagine while reasoning in space: Multimodal visualization-of-thought
Chengzu Li, Wenshan Wu, Huanyu Zhang, Yan Xia, Shaoguang Mao, Li Dong, Ivan Vulić, and Furu Wei · 2025
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Visual-rft: Visual reinforcement fine-tuning
Ziyu Liu, Zeyi Sun, Yuhang Zang, Xiaoyi Dong, Yuhang Cao, Haodong Duan, Dahua Lin, and Jiaqi Wang · 2025
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Introducing OpenAI o3 and o4-mini: Our smartest and most capable models to date
OpenAI · 2025
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Bootstrapping world models from dynamics models in multimodal foundation models
Yifu Qiu, Yftah Ziser, Anna Korhonen, Shay B Cohen, and Edoardo M Ponti · 2025
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Zerobench: An impossible visual benchmark for contemporary large multimodal models
Jonathan Roberts, Mohammad Reza Taesiri, Ansh Sharma, Akash Gupta, Samuel Roberts, Ioana Croitoru, Simion-Vlad Bogolin, Jialu Tang, Florian Langer, Vyas Raina, et al · 2025
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Vlm-r1: A stable and generalizable r1-style large vision-language model
Haozhan Shen, Peng Liu, Jingcheng Li, Chunxin Fang, Yibo Ma, Jiajia Liao, Qiaoli Shen, Zilun Zhang, Kangjia Zhao, Qianqian Zhang, et al · 2025
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Kimi k1. 5: Scaling reinforcement learning with llms
Kimi Team, Angang Du, Bofei Gao, Bowei Xing, Changjiu Jiang, Cheng Chen, Cheng Li, Chenjun Xiao, Chenzhuang Du, Chonghua Liao, et al · 2025
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Simplear: Pushing the frontier of autoregressive visual generation through pretraining, sft, and rl
Junke Wang, Zhi Tian, Xun Wang, Xinyu Zhang, Weilin Huang, Zuxuan Wu, and Yu-Gang Jiang · 2025
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Perception-r1: Pioneering perception policy with reinforcement learning
En Yu, Kangheng Lin, Liang Zhao, Jisheng Yin, Yana Wei, Yuang Peng, Haoran Wei, Jianjian Sun, Chunrui Han, Zheng Ge, et al · 2025
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R1-zero’s" aha moment" in visual reasoning on a 2b non-sft model
Hengguang Zhou, Xirui Li, Ruochen Wang, Minhao Cheng, Tianyi Zhou, and Cho-Jui Hsieh · 2025
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