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Web agents enable users to perform tasks on web browsers through natural language interaction.
The user interface as an agent environment
Robert St. Amant and Luke S. Zettlemoyer · 2000
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Greg Brockman, Vicki Cheung, Ludwig Pettersson, Jonas Schneider, John Schulman, Jie Tang, and Wojciech Zaremba · 2016
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World of bits: An open-domain platform for web-based agents
Tianlin Shi, Andrej Karpathy, Linxi Fan, Jonathan Hernandez, and Percy Liang · 2017
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Izzeddin Gur, Ulrich Rueckert, Aleksandra Faust, and Dilek Hakkani-Tur · 2018
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Reinforcement Learning on Web Interfaces using Workflow-guided Exploration
Evan Zheran Liu, Kelvin Guu, Panupong Pasupat, Tianlin Shi, and Percy Liang · 2018
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Webgpt: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback
Reiichiro Nakano, Jacob Hilton, Suchir Balaji, Jeff Wu, Long Ouyang, Christina Kim, Christopher Hesse, Shantanu Jain, Vineet Kosaraju, William Saunders, et al · 2021
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Act-1: Transformer for actions, 2022
Adept · 2022
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A data-driven approach for learning to control computers, 2022
Peter C Humphreys, David Raposo, Toby Pohlen, Gregory Thornton, Rachita Chhaparia, Alistair Muldal, Josh Abramson, Petko Georgiev, Alex Goldin, Adam Santoro, and Timothy Lillicrap · 2022
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WebShop: Towards Scalable Real-world Web Interaction with Grounded Language Agents
Shunyu Yao, Howard Chen, John Yang, and Karthik Narasimhan · 2022
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Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al · 2023
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Mind2web: Towards a generalist agent for the web
Xiang Deng, Yu Gu, Boyuan Zheng, Shijie Chen, Sam Stevens, Boshi Wang, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2023
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A real-world webagent with planning, long context understanding, and program synthesis
Izzeddin Gur, Hiroki Furuta, Austin Huang, Mustafa Safdari, Yutaka Matsuo, Douglas Eck, and Aleksandra Faust · 2023
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Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model
Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Christopher D Manning, Stefano Ermon, and Chelsea Finn · 2023
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Towards understanding sycophancy in language models, 2023
Mrinank Sharma, Meg Tong, Tomasz Korbak, David Duvenaud, Amanda Askell, Samuel R. Bowman, Newton Cheng, Esin Durmus, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Scott R. Johnston, Shauna Kravec, Timothy Maxwell, Sam McCandlish, Kamal Ndousse, Oliver Rausch, Nicholas Schiefer, Da Yan, Miranda Zhang, and Ethan Perez · 2023
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From pixels to UI actions: Learning to follow instructions via graphical user interfaces
Peter Shaw, Mandar Joshi, James Cohan, Jonathan Berant, Panupong Pasupat, Hexiang Hu, Urvashi Khandelwal, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova · 2023
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Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt-bench and chatbot arena, 2023
Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric P. Xing, Hao Zhang, Joseph E. Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica · 2023
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The future of ai: Built with llama, December 2024
Ahmad Al-Dahle · 2024
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Mllm-as-a-judge: Assessing multimodal llm-as-a-judge with vision-language benchmark, 2024
Dongping Chen, Ruoxi Chen, Shilin Zhang, Yinuo Liu, Yaochen Wang, Huichi Zhou, Qihui Zhang, Yao Wan, Pan Zhou, and Lichao Sun · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Workarena: How capable are web agents at solving common knowledge work tasks?, 2024
Large language models can self-improve at web agent tasks, 2024
Ajay Patel, Markus Hofmarcher, Claudiu Leoveanu-Condrei, Marius-Constantin Dinu, Chris Callison-Burch, and Sepp Hochreiter · 2024
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Agent q: Advanced reasoning and learning for autonomous ai agents, 2024
Pranav Putta, Edmund Mills, Naman Garg, Sumeet Motwani, Chelsea Finn, Divyansh Garg, and Rafael Rafailov · 2024
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Assistantbench: Can web agents solve realistic and time-consuming tasks?, 2024
Ori Yoran, Samuel Joseph Amouyal, Chaitanya Malaviya, Ben Bogin, Ofir Press, and Jonathan Berant · 2024
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Gpt-4v(ision) is a generalist web agent, if grounded, 2024
Boyuan Zheng, Boyu Gou, Jihyung Kil, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2024
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Alexandre Drouin, Maxime Gasse, Massimo Caccia, Issam H. Laradji, Manuel Del Verme, Tom Marty, Léo Boisvert, Megh Thakkar, Quentin Cappart, David Vazquez, Nicolas Chapados, and Alexandre Lacoste · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Aaron Grattafiori, Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Alex Vaughan, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Webvoyager: Building an end-to-end web agent with large multimodal models
Hongliang He, Wenlin Yao, Kaixin Ma, Wenhao Yu, Yong Dai, Hongming Zhang, Zhenzhong Lan, and Dong Yu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Aaron Hurst, Adam Lerer, Adam P Goucher, Adam Perelman, Aditya Ramesh, Aidan Clark, AJ Ostrow, Akila Welihinda, Alan Hayes, Alec Radford, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
VisualWebArena: Evaluating Multimodal Agents on Realistic Visual Web Tasks, June 2024
Jing Yu Koh, Robert Lo, Lawrence Jang, Vikram Duvvur, Ming Chong Lim, Po-Yu Huang, Graham Neubig, Shuyan Zhou, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Daniel Fried · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Autowebglm: A large language model-based web navigating agent, 2024
Hanyu Lai, Xiao Liu, Iat Long Iong, Shuntian Yao, Yuxuan Chen, Pengbo Shen, Hao Yu, Hanchen Zhang, Xiaohan Zhang, Yuxiao Dong, and Jie Tang · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Rewardbench: Evaluating reward models for language modeling, 2024
Nathan Lambert, Valentina Pyatkin, Jacob Morrison, LJ Miranda, Bill Yuchen Lin, Khyathi Chandu, Nouha Dziri, Sachin Kumar, Tom Zick, Yejin Choi, Noah A. Smith, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Weblinx: Real-world website navigation with multi-turn dialogue
Xing Han Lù, Zdeněk Kasner, and Siva Reddy · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Shuyan Zhou, Frank F. Xu, Hao Zhu, Xuhui Zhou, Robert Lo, Abishek Sridhar, Xianyi Cheng, Tianyue Ou, Yonatan Bisk, Daniel Fried, Uri Alon, and Graham Neubig · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Agent-as-a-judge: Evaluate agents with agents, 2024
Mingchen Zhuge, Changsheng Zhao, Dylan Ashley, Wenyi Wang, Dmitrii Khizbullin, Yunyang Xiong, Zechun Liu, Ernie Chang, Raghuraman Krishnamoorthi, Yuandong Tian, Yangyang Shi, Vikas Chandra, and Jürgen Schmidhuber · 2024
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Qwen2.5-vl technical report, 2025
Shuai Bai, Keqin Chen, Xuejing Liu, Jialin Wang, Wenbin Ge, Sibo Song, Kai Dang, Peng Wang, Shijie Wang, Jun Tang, Humen Zhong, Yuanzhi Zhu, Mingkun Yang, Zhaohai Li, Jianqiang Wan, Pengfei Wang, Wei Ding, Zheren Fu, Yiheng Xu, Jiabo Ye, Xi Zhang, Tianbao Xie, Zesen Cheng, Hang Zhang, Zhibo Yang, Haiyang Xu, and Junyang Lin · 2025
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Workarena++: Towards compositional planning and reasoning-based common knowledge work tasks, 2025
Léo Boisvert, Megh Thakkar, Maxime Gasse, Massimo Caccia, Thibault Le Sellier De Chezelles, Quentin Cappart, Nicolas Chapados, Alexandre Lacoste, and Alexandre Drouin · 2025
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The browsergym ecosystem for web agent research, 2025
Thibault Le Sellier De Chezelles, Maxime Gasse, Alexandre Drouin, Massimo Caccia, Léo Boisvert, Megh Thakkar, Tom Marty, Rim Assouel, Sahar Omidi Shayegan, Lawrence Keunho Jang, Xing Han Lù, Ori Yoran, Dehan Kong, Frank F. Xu, Siva Reddy, Quentin Cappart, Graham Neubig, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Nicolas Chapados, and Alexandre Lacoste · 2025
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Pairbench: Are vision-language models reliable at comparing what they see?, 2025
Aarash Feizi, Sai Rajeswar, Adriana Romero-Soriano, Reihaneh Rabbany, Valentina Zantedeschi, Spandana Gella, and João Monteiro · 2025
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Nnetnav: Unsupervised learning of browser agents through environment interaction in the wild, 2025
Shikhar Murty, Hao Zhu, Dzmitry Bahdanau, and Christopher D. Manning · 2025
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Introducing operator, January 2025
OpenAI · 2025
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Towards internet-scale training for agents, 2025
Brandon Trabucco, Gunnar Sigurdsson, Robinson Piramuthu, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov · 2025
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