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Understanding how effectively large vision language models (VLMs) compare visual inputs is crucial across numerous applications, yet this fundamental capability remains insufficiently assessed.
Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database
Jia Deng, Wei Dong, Richard Socher, Li-Jia Li, Kai Li, and Li Fei-Fei · 2009
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Tsung-Yi Lin, Michael Maire, Serge Belongie, James Hays, Pietro Perona, Deva Ramanan, Piotr Dollár, and C Lawrence Zitnick · 2014
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A diagram is worth a dozen images
Aniruddha Kembhavi, Mike Salvato, Eric Kolve, Minjoon Seo, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Ali Farhadi · 2016
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Clevr: A diagnostic dataset for compositional language and elementary visual reasoning
Justin Johnson, Bharath Hariharan, Laurens Van Der Maaten, Li Fei-Fei, C Lawrence Zitnick, and Ross Girshick · 2017
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User diverse preference modeling by multimodal attentive metric learning
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From recognition to cognition: Visual commonsense reasoning
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Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision
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Tri Dao, Daniel Y. Fu, Stefano Ermon, Atri Rudra, and Christopher Ré · 2022
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The reversal curse: Llms trained on" a is b" fail to learn" b is a"
Lukas Berglund, Meg Tong, Max Kaufmann, Mikita Balesni, Asa Cooper Stickland, Tomasz Korbak, and Owain Evans · 2023
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Can large language models be an alternative to human evaluations?
Cheng-Han Chiang and Hung-yi Lee · 2023
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Gptscore: Evaluate as you desire
Jinlan Fu, See-Kiong Ng, Zhengbao Jiang, and Pengfei Liu · 2023
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What’s" up" with vision-language models? investigating their struggle with spatial reasoning
Amita Kamath, Jack Hessel, and Kai-Wei Chang · 2023
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G-eval: Nlg evaluation using gpt-4 with better human alignment
Yang Liu, Dan Iter, Yichong Xu, Shuohang Wang, Ruochen Xu, and Chenguang Zhu · 2023
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Mathvista: Evaluating mathematical reasoning of foundation models in visual contexts
Pan Lu, Hritik Bansal, Tony Xia, Jiacheng Liu, Chunyuan Li, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Hao Cheng, Kai-Wei Chang, Michel Galley, and Jianfeng Gao · 2023
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Mm-vet: Evaluating large multimodal models for integrated capabilities
Weihao Yu, Zhengyuan Yang, Linjie Li, Jianfeng Wang, Kevin Lin, Zicheng Liu, Xinchao Wang, and Lijuan Wang · 2023
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When and why vision-language models behave like bags-of-words, and what to do about it?
Mert Yuksekgonul, Federico Bianchi, Pratyusha Kalluri, Dan Jurafsky, and James Zou · 2023
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Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt-bench and chatbot arena
Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric Xing, et al · 2023
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Phi-3 technical report: A highly capable language model locally on your phone
Marah Abdin, Sam Ade Jacobs, Ammar Ahmad Awan, Jyoti Aneja, Ahmed Awadallah, Hany Awadalla, Nguyen Bach, Amit Bahree, Arash Bakhtiari, Harkirat Behl, et al · 2024
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Chameleon: Plug-and-play compositional reasoning with large language models
Pan Lu, Baolin Peng, Hao Cheng, Michel Galley, Kai-Wei Chang, Ying Nian Wu, Song-Chun Zhu, and Jianfeng Gao · 2024
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Improving automatic vqa evaluation using large language models
Oscar Mañas, Benno Krojer, and Aishwarya Agrawal · 2024
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Evaluating the evaluator: Measuring llms’ adherence to task evaluation instructions
Bhuvanashree Murugadoss, Christian Poelitz, Ian Drosos, Vu Le, Nick McKenna, Carina Suzana Negreanu, Chris Parnin, and Advait Sarkar · 2024
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Discriminative fine-tuning of lvlms
Yassine Ouali, Adrian Bulat, Alexandros Xenos, Anestis Zaganidis, Ioannis Maniadis Metaxas, Georgios Tzimiropoulos, and Brais Martinez · 2024
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Pravesh Agrawal, Szymon Antoniak, Emma Bou Hanna, Baptiste Bout, Devendra Chaplot, Jessica Chudnovsky, Diogo Costa, Baudouin De Monicault, Saurabh Garg, Theophile Gervet, et al · 2024
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Vismin: Visual minimal-change understanding
Rabiul Awal, Saba Ahmadi, Le Zhang, and Aishwarya Agrawal · 2024
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Molmo and pixmo: Open weights and open data for state-of-the-art multimodal models
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Vlmevalkit: An open-source toolkit for evaluating large multi-modality models
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Rethinking invariance in in-context learning
Lizhe Fang, Yifei Wang, Khashayar Gatmiry, Lei Fang, and Yisen Wang · 2024
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Sample-efficient human evaluation of large language models via maximum discrepancy competition
Kehua Feng, Keyan Ding, Kede Ma, Zhihua Wang, Qiang Zhang, and Huajun Chen · 2024
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The llama 3 herd of models, 2024
Aaron Grattafiori, Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Alex Vaughan, Amy Yang, Angela Fan, Anirudh Goyal, Anthony Hartshorn, Aobo Yang, Archi Mitra, Archie Sravankumar, Artem Korenev, Arthur Hinsvark, Arun Rao, Aston Zhang, Aurelien Rodriguez, Austen Gregerson, Ava Spataru, Baptiste Roziere, Bethany Biron, Binh Tang, Bobbie Chern, Charlotte Caucheteux, Chaya Nayak, Chloe Bi, Chris Marra, Chris McConnell, Christian Keller, Christophe Touret, Chunyang Wu, Corinne Wong, Cristian Canton Ferrer, Cyrus Nikolaidis, Damien Allonsius, Daniel Song, Danielle Pintz, Danny Livshits, Danny Wyatt, David Esiobu, Dhruv Choudhary, Dhruv Mahajan, Diego Garcia-Olano, Diego Perino, Dieuwke Hupkes, Egor Lakomkin, Ehab AlBadawy, Elina Lobanova, Emily Dinan, Eric Michael Smith, Filip Radenovic, Francisco Guzmán, Frank Zhang, Gabriel Synnaeve, Gabrielle Lee, Georgia Lewis Anderson, Govind Thattai, Graeme Nail, Gregoire 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Luca Wehrstedt, Madian Khabsa, Manav Avalani, Manish Bhatt, Martynas Mankus, Matan Hasson, Matthew Lennie, Matthias Reso, Maxim Groshev, Maxim Naumov, Maya Lathi, Meghan Keneally, Miao Liu, Michael L. 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Hallusionbench: an advanced diagnostic suite for entangled language hallucination and visual illusion in large vision-language models
Tianrui Guan, Fuxiao Liu, Xiyang Wu, Ruiqi Xian, Zongxia Li, Xiaoyu Liu, Xijun Wang, Lichang Chen, Furong Huang, Yaser Yacoob, et al · 2024
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Lorenzo Pacchiardi, Lucy G Cheke, and José Hernández-Orallo · 2024
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Efficient multi-prompt evaluation of llms
Felipe Maia Polo, Ronald Xu, Lucas Weber, Mírian Silva, Onkar Bhardwaj, Leshem Choshen, Allysson Flavio Melo de Oliveira, Yuekai Sun, and Mikhail Yurochkin · 2024
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Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context
Machel Reid, Nikolay Savinov, Denis Teplyashin, Dmitry Lepikhin, Timothy Lillicrap, Jean-baptiste Alayrac, Radu Soricut, Angeliki Lazaridou, Orhan Firat, Julian Schrittwieser, et al · 2024
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Finetuning clip to reason about pairwise differences
Dylan Sam, Devin Willmott, Joao D Semedo, and J Zico Kolter · 2024
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Who validates the validators? aligning llm-assisted evaluation of llm outputs with human preferences
Shreya Shankar, JD Zamfirescu-Pereira, Björn Hartmann, Aditya G Parameswaran, and Ian Arawjo · 2024
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Judging the judges: Evaluating alignment and vulnerabilities in llms-as-judges
Aman Singh Thakur, Kartik Choudhary, Venkat Srinik Ramayapally, Sankaran Vaidyanathan, and Dieuwke Hupkes · 2024
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Mmmu: A massive multi-discipline multimodal understanding and reasoning benchmark for expert agi
Xiang Yue, Yuansheng Ni, Kai Zhang, Tianyu Zheng, Ruoqi Liu, Ge Zhang, Samuel Stevens, Dongfu Jiang, Weiming Ren, Yuxuan Sun, et al · 2024
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Vision-language models do not understand negation
Kumail Alhamoud, Shaden Alshammari, Yonglong Tian, Guohao Li, Philip Torr, Yoon Kim, and Marzyeh Ghassemi · 2025
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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Yuan Liu, Haodong Duan, Yuanhan Zhang, Bo Li, Songyang Zhang, Wangbo Zhao, Yike Yuan, Jiaqi Wang, Conghui He, Ziwei Liu, et al · 2025
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Peiwen Yuan, Yueqi Zhang, Shaoxiong Feng, Yiwei Li, Xinglin Wang, Jiayi Shi, Chuyi Tan, Boyuan Pan, Yao Hu, and Kan Li · 2025
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