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Language agents based on large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated great promise in automating web-based tasks.
Model predictive control: Theory and practice—a survey
Carlos E Garcia, David M Prett, and Manfred Morari · 1989
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Dyna, an integrated architecture for learning, planning, and reacting
Richard S Sutton · 1991
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The arcade learning environment: An evaluation platform for general agents
Marc G. Bellemare, Yavar Naddaf, Joel Veness, and Michael Bowling · 2013
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Greg Brockman, Vicki Cheung, Ludwig Pettersson, Jonas Schneider, John Schulman, Jie Tang, and Wojciech Zaremba · 2016
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Learning model-based planning from scratch
Razvan Pascanu, Yujia Li, Oriol Vinyals, Nicolas Heess, Lars Buesing, Sebastien Racanière, David Reichert, Théophane Weber, Daan Wierstra, and Peter Battaglia · 2017
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World of bits: An open-domain platform for web-based agents
Tianlin Shi, Andrej Karpathy, Linxi Fan, Jonathan Hernandez, and Percy Liang · 2017
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Recurrent world models facilitate policy evolution
David Ha and Jürgen Schmidhuber · 2018
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Reinforcement learning on web interfaces using workflow-guided exploration
Evan Zheran Liu, Kelvin Guu, Panupong Pasupat, Tianlin Shi, and Percy Liang · 2018
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Decoupled weight decay regularization
Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter · 2019
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Dream to control: Learning behaviors by latent imagination
Danijar Hafner, Timothy Lillicrap, Jimmy Ba, and Mohammad Norouzi · 2020
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Mastering atari, go, chess and shogi by planning with a learned model
Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Thomas Hubert, Karen Simonyan, Laurent Sifre, Simon Schmitt, Arthur Guez, Edward Lockhart, Demis Hassabis, Thore Graepel, et al · 2020
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Mastering atari with discrete world models
Danijar Hafner, Timothy P Lillicrap, Mohammad Norouzi, and Jimmy Ba · 2021
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Planning in the brain
Marcelo G Mattar and Máté Lengyel · 2022
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Webshop: Towards scalable real-world web interaction with grounded language agents
Shunyu Yao, Howard Chen, John Yang, and Karthik Narasimhan · 2022
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Mind2web: Towards a generalist agent for the web
Xiang Deng, Yu Gu, Boyuan Zheng, Shijie Chen, Samual Stevens, Boshi Wang, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2023
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Alphazero-like tree-search can guide large language model decoding and training
Xidong Feng, Ziyu Wan, Muning Wen, Stephen Marcus McAleer, Ying Wen, Weinan Zhang, and Jun Wang · 2023
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Multimodal web navigation with instruction-finetuned foundation models
Hiroki Furuta, Kuang-Huei Lee, Ofir Nachum, Yutaka Matsuo, Aleksandra Faust, Shixiang Shane Gu, and Izzeddin Gur · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Don’t generate, discriminate: A proposal for grounding language models to real-world environments
Yu Gu, Xiang Deng, and Yu Su · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
A real-world webagent with planning, long context understanding, and program synthesis
Izzeddin Gur, Hiroki Furuta, Austin Huang, Mustafa Safdari, Yutaka Matsuo, Douglas Eck, and Aleksandra Faust · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Reasoning with language model is planning with world model
Shibo Hao, Yi Gu, Haodi Ma, Joshua Hong, Zhen Wang, Daisy Wang, and Zhiting Hu · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Pix2struct: Screenshot parsing as pretraining for visual language understanding
Kenton Lee, Mandar Joshi, Iulia Raluca Turc, Hexiang Hu, Fangyu Liu, Julian Martin Eisenschlos, Urvashi Khandelwal, Peter Shaw, Ming-Wei Chang, and Kristina Toutanova · 2023
Large language models can self-improve at web agent tasks
Ajay Patel, Markus Hofmarcher, Claudiu Leoveanu-Condrei, Marius-Constantin Dinu, Chris Callison-Burch, and Sepp Hochreiter · 2024
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Agent q: Advanced reasoning and learning for autonomous ai agents
Pranav Putta, Edmund Mills, Naman Garg, Sumeet Motwani, Chelsea Finn, Divyansh Garg, and Rafael Rafailov · 2024
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Trial and error: Exploration-based trajectory optimization of LLM agents
Yifan Song, Da Yin, Xiang Yue, Jie Huang, Sujian Li, and Bill Yuchen Lin · 2024
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Language agents: Foundations, prospects, and risks
Yu Su, Diyi Yang, Shunyu Yao, and Tao Yu · 2024
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Qwen2-vl: Enhancing vision-language model’s perception of the world at any resolution
Peng Wang, Shuai Bai, Sinan Tan, Shijie Wang, Zhihao Fan, Jinze Bai, Keqin Chen, Xuejing Liu, Jialin Wang, Wenbin Ge, Yang Fan, Kai Dang, Mengfei Du, Xuancheng Ren, Rui Men, Dayiheng Liu, Chang Zhou, Jingren Zhou, and Junyang Lin · 2024
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Cited alongside, same era.
Model-based reinforcement learning: A survey
Thomas M Moerland, Joost Broekens, Aske Plaat, Catholijn M Jonker, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
From pixels to UI actions: Learning to follow instructions via graphical user interfaces
Peter Shaw, Mandar Joshi, James Cohan, Jonathan Berant, Panupong Pasupat, Hexiang Hu, Urvashi Khandelwal, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Set-of-mark prompting unleashes extraordinary visual grounding in gpt-4v
Jianwei Yang, Hao Zhang, Feng Li, Xueyan Zou, Chunyuan Li, and Jianfeng Gao · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Screenai: A vision-language model for UI and infographics understanding
Gilles Baechler, Srinivas Sunkara, Maria Wang, Fedir Zubach, Hassan Mansoor, Vincent Etter, Victor Carbune, Jason Lin, Jindong Chen, and Abhanshu Sharma · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language monkeys: Scaling inference compute with repeated sampling
Bradley Brown, Jordan Juravsky, Ryan Ehrlich, Ronald Clark, Quoc V Le, Christopher Ré, and Azalia Mirhoseini · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
SeeClick: Harnessing GUI grounding for advanced visual GUI agents
Kanzhi Cheng, Qiushi Sun, Yougang Chu, Fangzhi Xu, Li YanTao, Jianbing Zhang, and Zhiyong Wu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
WebVoyager: Building an end-to-end web agent with large multimodal models
Hongliang He, Wenlin Yao, Kaixin Ma, Wenhao Yu, Yong Dai, Hongming Zhang, Zhenzhong Lan, and Dong Yu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Closest in time.
Ferret-ui: Grounded mobile UI understanding with multimodal llms
Keen You, Haotian Zhang, Eldon Schoop, Floris Weers, Amanda Swearngin, Jeffrey Nichols, Yinfei Yang, and Zhe Gan · 2024
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Yao Zhang, Zijian Ma, Yunpu Ma, Zhen Han, Yu Wu, and Volker Tresp · 2024
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Gpt-4v(ision) is a generalist web agent, if grounded
Boyuan Zheng, Boyu Gou, Jihyung Kil, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2024
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Webarena: A realistic web environment for building autonomous agents
Shuyan Zhou, Frank F. Xu, Hao Zhu, Xuhui Zhou, Robert Lo, Abishek Sridhar, Xianyi Cheng, Tianyue Ou, Yonatan Bisk, Daniel Fried, Uri Alon, and Graham Neubig · 2024
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Web agents with world models: Learning and leveraging environment dynamics in web navigation
Hyungjoo Chae, Namyoung Kim, Kai Tzu iunn Ong, Minju Gwak, Gwanwoo Song, Jihoon Kim, Sunghwan Kim, Dongha Lee, and Jinyoung Yeo · 2025
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Navigating the digital world as humans do: Universal visual grounding for GUI agents
Boyu Gou, Ruohan Wang, Boyuan Zheng, Yanan Xie, Cheng Chang, Yiheng Shu, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2025
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Language models can self-improve at state-value estimation for better search
Ethan Mendes and Alan Ritter · 2025
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Explorer: Scaling exploration-driven web trajectory synthesis for multimodal web agents
Vardaan Pahuja, Yadong Lu, Corby Rosset, Boyu Gou, Arindam Mitra, Spencer Whitehead, Yu Su, and Ahmed Awadallah · 2025
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Planning in natural language improves LLM search for code generation
Evan Z Wang, Federico Cassano, Catherine Wu, Yunfeng Bai, William Song, Vaskar Nath, Ziwen Han, Sean M. Hendryx, Summer Yue, and Hugh Zhang · 2025
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An illusion of progress? assessing the current state of web agents
Tianci Xue, Weijian Qi, Tianneng Shi, Chan Hee Song, Boyu Gou, Dawn Song, Huan Sun, and Yu Su · 2025
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Towards understanding graphical perception in large multimodal models
Kai Zhang, Jianwei Yang, Jeevana Priya Inala, Chandan Singh, Jianfeng Gao, Yu Su, and Chenglong Wang · 2025
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