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As large language models (LLMs) become more capable and agentic, the requirement for trust in their outputs grows significantly, yet at the same time concerns have been mounting that models may learn to lie in pursuit of their goals.
Truthful ai: Developing and governing ai that does not lie, 2021
Evans, O., Cotton-Barratt, O., Finnveden, L., Bales, A., Balwit, A., Wills, P., Righetti, L., and Saunders, W · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Unsolved problems in ml safety
Hendrycks, D., Carlini, N., Schulman, J., and Steinhardt, J · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Creak: A dataset for commonsense reasoning over entity knowledge, 2021
Onoe, Y., Zhang, M. J. Q., Choi, E., and Durrett, G · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Explaining answers with entailment trees, 2022
Dalvi, B., Jansen, P., Tafjord, O., Xie, Z., Smith, H., Pipatanangkura, L., and Clark, P · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
e-CARE: a new dataset for exploring explainable causal reasoning
Du, L., Ding, X., Xiong, K., Liu, T., and Qin, B · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Truthfulqa: Measuring how models mimic human falsehoods
Lin, S., Hilton, J., and Evans, O · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Discovering language model behaviors with model-written evaluations
Perez, E., Ringer, S., Lukošiūtė, K., Nguyen, K., Chen, E., Heiner, S., Pettit, C., Olsson, C., Kundu, S., Kadavath, S., Jones, A., Chen, A., Mann, B., Israel, B., Seethor, B., McKinnon, C., Olah, C., Yan, D., Amodei, D., Amodei, D., Drain, D., Li, D., Tran-Johnson, E., Khundadze, G., Kernion, J., Landis, J., Kerr, J., Mueller, J., Hyun, J., Landau, J., Ndousse, K., Goldberg, L., Lovitt, L., Lucas, M., Sellitto, M., Zhang, M., Kingsland, N., Elhage, N., Joseph, N., Mercado, N., DasSarma, N., Rausch, O., Larson, R., McCandlish, S., Johnston, S., Kravec, S., El Showk, S., Lanham, T., Telleen-Lawton, T., Brown, T., Henighan, T., Hume, T., Bai, Y., Hatfield-Dodds, Z., Clark, J., Bowman, S. R., Askell, A., Grosse, R., Hernandez, D., Ganguli, D., Hubinger, E., Schiefer, N., and Kaplan, J · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Prompt consistency for zero-shot task generalization, 2022
Zhou, C., He, J., Ma, X., Berg-Kirkpatrick, T., and Neubig, G · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Evaluating superhuman models with consistency checks, 2023
Fluri, L., Paleka, D., and Tramèr, F · 2023
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Language models represent space and time
Gurnee, W. and Tegmark, M · 2023
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Do large language models know about facts?
Hu, X., Chen, J., Li, X., Guo, Y., Wen, L., Yu, P. S., and Guo, Z · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Halueval: A large-scale hallucination evaluation benchmark for large language models
Li, J., Cheng, X., Zhao, W. X., Nie, J.-Y., and Wen, J.-R · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Locating and editing factual associations in gpt, 2023
Meng, K., Bau, D., Andonian, A., and Belinkov, Y · 2023
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Emergent linear representations in world models of self-supervised sequence models, 2023
Nanda, N., Lee, A., and Wattenberg, M · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Do the rewards justify the means? measuring trade-offs between rewards and ethical behavior in the machiavelli benchmark
Pan, A., Chan, J. S., Zou, A., Li, N., Basart, S., Woodside, T., Ng, J., Zhang, H., Emmons, S., and Hendrycks, D · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Beyond the imitation game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models, 2023
Srivastava, A., Rastogi, A., Rao, A., Shoeb, A. A. M., Abid, A., Fisch, A., Brown, A. R., Santoro, A., Gupta, A., Garriga-Alonso, A., Kluska, A., Lewkowycz, A., Agarwal, A., Power, A., Ray, A., Warstadt, A., Kocurek, A. W., Safaya, A., Tazarv, A., Xiang, A., Parrish, A., Nie, A., Hussain, A., Askell, A., Dsouza, A., Slone, A., Rahane, A., Iyer, A. S., Andreassen, A., Madotto, A., Santilli, A., Stuhlmüller, A., Dai, A., La, A., Lampinen, A., Zou, A., Jiang, A., Chen, A., Vuong, A., Gupta, A., Gottardi, A., Norelli, A., Venkatesh, A., Gholamidavoodi, A., Tabassum, A., Menezes, A., Kirubarajan, A., Mullokandov, A., Sabharwal, A., Herrick, A., Efrat, A., Erdem, A., Karakaş, A., Roberts, B. R., Loe, B. S., Zoph, B., Bojanowski, B., Özyurt, B., Hedayatnia, B., Neyshabur, B., Inden, B., Stein, B., Ekmekci, B., Lin, B. Y., Howald, B., Orinion, B., Diao, C., Dour, C., Stinson, C., Argueta, C., Ramírez, C. 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S., Pachchigar, S., Toshniwal, S., Upadhyay, S., Shyamolima, Debnath, Shakeri, S., Thormeyer, S., Melzi, S., Reddy, S., Makini, S. P., Lee, S.-H., Torene, S., Hatwar, S., Dehaene, S., Divic, S., Ermon, S., Biderman, S., Lin, S., Prasad, S., Piantadosi, S. T., Shieber, S. M., Misherghi, S., Kiritchenko, S., Mishra, S., Linzen, T., Schuster, T., Li, T., Yu, T., Ali, T., Hashimoto, T., Wu, T.-L., Desbordes, T., Rothschild, T., Phan, T., Wang, T., Nkinyili, T., Schick, T., Kornev, T., Tunduny, T., Gerstenberg, T., Chang, T., Neeraj, T., Khot, T., Shultz, T., Shaham, U., Misra, V., Demberg, V., Nyamai, V., Raunak, V., Ramasesh, V., Prabhu, V. U., Padmakumar, V., Srikumar, V., Fedus, W., Saunders, W., Zhang, W., Vossen, W., Ren, X., Tong, X., Zhao, X., Wu, X., Shen, X., Yaghoobzadeh, Y., Lakretz, Y., Song, Y., Bahri, Y., Choi, Y., Yang, Y., Hao, Y., Chen, Y., Belinkov, Y., Hou, Y., Hou, Y., Bai, Y., Seid, Z., Zhao, Z., Wang, Z., Wang, Z. J., Wang, Z., and Wu, Z · 2023
Inverse scaling: When bigger isn’t better, 2024
McKenzie, I. R., Lyzhov, A., Pieler, M., Parrish, A., Mueller, A., Prabhu, A., McLean, E., Kirtland, A., Ross, A., Liu, A., Gritsevskiy, A., Wurgaft, D., Kauffman, D., Recchia, G., Liu, J., Cavanagh, J., Weiss, M., Huang, S., Droid, T. F., Tseng, T., Korbak, T., Shen, X., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Z., Kim, N., Bowman, S. R., and Perez, E · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Frontier models are capable of in-context scheming
Meinke, A., Schoen, B., Scheurer, J., Balesni, M., Shah, R., and Hobbhahn, M · 2024
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Ai deception: A survey of examples, risks, and potential solutions
Park, P. S., Goldstein, S., O’Gara, A., Chen, M., and Hendrycks, D · 2024
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Safetywashing: Do ai safety benchmarks actually measure safety progress?, 2024
Ren, R., Basart, S., Khoja, A., Gatti, A., Phan, L., Yin, X., Mazeika, M., Pan, A., Mukobi, G., Kim, R. H., Fitz, S., and Hendrycks, D · 2024
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Cited alongside, same era.
Freshllms: Refreshing large language models with search engine augmentation
Vu, T., Iyyer, M., Wang, X., Constant, N., Wei, J., Wei, J., Tar, C., Sung, Y.-H., Zhou, D., Le, Q., and Luong, T · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Yang, Y., Chern, E., Qiu, X., Neubig, G., and Liu, P · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Do large language models know what they don’t know?, 2023
Yin, Z., Sun, Q., Guo, Q., Wu, J., Qiu, X., and Huang, X · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Representation engineering: A top-down approach to ai transparency, 2023
Zou, A., Phan, L., Chen, S., Campbell, J., Guo, P., Ren, R., Pan, A., Yin, X., Mazeika, M., Dombrowski, A.-K., Goel, S., Li, N., Byun, M. J., Wang, Z., Mallen, A., Basart, S., Koyejo, S., Song, D., Fredrikson, M., Kolter, J. Z., and Hendrycks, D · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Behonest: Benchmarking honesty in large language models, 2024
Chern, S., Hu, Z., Yang, Y., Chern, E., Guo, Y., Jin, J., Wang, B., and Liu, P · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Honestllm: Toward an honest and helpful large language model, 2024
Gao, C., Wu, S., Huang, Y., Chen, D., Zhang, Q., Fu, Z., Wan, Y., Sun, L., and Zhang, X · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Goldstein, S. and Levinstein, B. A · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Alignment faking in large language models
Greenblatt, R., Denison, C., Wright, B., Roger, F., MacDiarmid, M., Marks, S., Treutlein, J., Belonax, T., Chen, J., Duvenaud, D., et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
A survey on the honesty of large language models, 2024
Li, S., Yang, C., Wu, T., Shi, C., Zhang, Y., Zhu, X., Cheng, Z., Cai, D., Yu, M., Liu, L., Zhou, J., Yang, Y., Wong, N., Wu, X., and Lam, W · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Scheurer, J., Balesni, M., and Hobbhahn, M · 2024
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Ai-liedar: Examine the trade-off between utility and truthfulness in llm agents, 2024
Su, Z., Zhou, X., Rangreji, S., Kabra, A., Mendelsohn, J., Brahman, F., and Sap, M · 2024
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Can llms express their uncertainty? an empirical evaluation of confidence elicitation in llms, 2024
Xiong, M., Hu, Z., Lu, X., Li, Y., Fu, J., He, J., and Hooi, B · 2024
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Model card and evaluations for claude models, 2023
Anthropic · 2025
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The definition of lying and deception, 2008
Mahon, J · 2025
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Utility engineering: Analyzing and controlling emergent value systems in ais
Mazeika, M., Yin, X., Tamirisa, R., Lim, J., Lee, B. W., Ren, R., Phan, L., Mu, N., Khoja, A., Zhang, O., et al · 2025
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Gpt-4 system card, 2023
OpenAI · 2025
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Openai o1 system card, 2024
OpenAI · 2025
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