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We propose a benchmark to measure whether a language model is truthful in generating answers to questions.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Chris Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 1901
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Defending against neural fake news
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Hannah Rashkin, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, Franziska Roesner, and Yejin Choi. 2019 · 1905
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Barack’s wife hillary: Using knowledge-graphs for fact-aware language modeling
Robert L Logan IV, Nelson F Liu, Matthew E Peters, Matt Gardner, and Sameer Singh. 2019 · 1906
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UNIFIEDQA: Crossing format boundaries with a single QA system
Daniel Khashabi, Sewon Min, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Oyvind Tafjord, Peter Clark, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2020 · 1907
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Are we safe yet? the limitations of distributional features for fake news detection
Tal Schuster, Roei Schuster, Darsh J. Shah, and Regina Barzilay. 2019 · 1908
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Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J. Liu. 2019 · 1910
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PEGASUS: pre-training with extracted gap-sentences for abstractive summarization
Jingqing Zhang, Yao Zhao, Mohammad Saleh, and Peter J. Liu. 2019 · 1912
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On faithfulness and factuality in abstractive summarization
Joshua Maynez, Shashi Narayan, Bernd Bohnet, and Ryan McDonald. 2020 · 1919
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 2001
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ROUGE: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries
Chin-Yew Lin. 2004 · 2004
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Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive NLP tasks
Patrick S. H. Lewis, Ethan Perez, Aleksandra Piktus, Fabio Petroni, Vladimir Karpukhin, Naman Goyal, Heinrich Küttler, Mike Lewis, Wen-tau Yih, Tim Rocktäschel, Sebastian Riedel, and Douwe Kiela. 2020 · 2005
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2020 · 2009
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The radicalization risks of GPT-3 and advanced neural language models
Kris McGuffie and Alex Newhouse. 2020 · 2009
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Learning to summarize from human feedback
Nisan Stiennon, Long Ouyang, Jeff Wu, Daniel M. Ziegler, Ryan Lowe, Chelsea Voss, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, and Paul F. Christiano. 2020 · 2009
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Recipes for safety in open-domain chatbots
Jing Xu, Da Ju, Margaret Li, Y-Lan Boureau, Jason Weston, and Emily Dinan. 2020 · 2010
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TriviaQA: A large scale distantly supervised challenge dataset for reading comprehension
Mandar Joshi, Eunsol Choi, Daniel Weld, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2017 · 2017
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Predicting factuality of reporting and bias of news media sources
Ramy Baly, Georgi Karadzhov, Dimitar Alexandrov, James Glass, and Preslav Nakov. 2018 · 2018
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the AI2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord. 2018 · 2018
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FEVER: a large-scale dataset for fact extraction and VERification
James Thorne, Andreas Vlachos, Christos Christodoulopoulos, and Arpit Mittal. 2018 · 2018
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Trick me if you can: Adversarial writing of trivia challenge questions
Eric Wallace and Jordan Boyd-Graber. 2018 · 2018
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Natural questions: A benchmark for question answering research
Tom Kwiatkowski, Jennimaria Palomaki, Olivia Redfield, Michael Collins, Ankur Parikh, Chris Alberti, Danielle Epstein, Illia Polosukhin, Jacob Devlin, Kenton Lee, Kristina Toutanova, Llion Jones, Matthew Kelcey, Ming-Wei Chang, Andrew M. Dai, Jakob Uszkoreit, Quoc Le, and Slav Petrov. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
Alec Radford, Jeff Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, and Ilya Sutskever. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
CommonsenseQA: A question answering challenge targeting commonsense knowledge
Alon Talmor, Jonathan Herzig, Nicholas Lourie, and Jonathan Berant. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Queens are powerful too: Mitigating gender bias in dialogue generation
Emily Dinan, Angela Fan, Adina Williams, Jack Urbanek, Douwe Kiela, and Jason Weston. 2020 · 2020
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The pile: An 800gb dataset of diverse text for language modeling
Leo Gao, Stella Biderman, Sid Black, Laurence Golding, Travis Hoppe, Charles Foster, Jason Phang, Horace He, Anish Thite, Noa Nabeshima, et al. 2020 · 2020
Switch transformers: Scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity
William Fedus, Barret Zoph, and Noam Shazeer. 2021 · 2021
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GO FIGURE: A meta evaluation of factuality in summarization
Saadia Gabriel, Asli Celikyilmaz, Rahul Jha, Yejin Choi, and Jianfeng Gao. 2021 · 2021
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Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math dataset
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul Arora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2021 · 2021
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Zachary Kenton, Tom Everitt, Laura Weidinger, Iason Gabriel, Vladimir Mikulik, and Geoffrey Irving. 2021 · 2021
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Hurdles to progress in long-form question answering
Kalpesh Krishna, Aurko Roy, and Mohit Iyyer. 2021 · 2021
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All the news that’s fit to fabricate: Ai-generated text as a tool of media misinformation
Sarah Kreps, R. Miles McCain, and Miles Brundage. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
BLEURT: Learning robust metrics for text generation
Thibault Sellam, Dipanjan Das, and Ankur Parikh. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Asking and answering questions to evaluate the factual consistency of summaries
Alex Wang, Kyunghyun Cho, and Mike Lewis. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing
Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, Remi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, Joe Davison, Sam Shleifer, Patrick von Platen, Clara Ma, Yacine Jernite, Julien Plu, Canwen Xu, Teven Le Scao, Sylvain Gugger, Mariama Drame, Quentin Lhoest, and Alexander Rush. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
FEVEROUS: fact extraction and verification over unstructured and structured information
Rami Aly, Zhijiang Guo, Michael Sejr Schlichtkrull, James Thorne, Andreas Vlachos, Christos Christodoulopoulos, Oana Cocarascu, and Arpit Mittal. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
A general language assistant as a laboratory for alignment
Amanda Askell, Yuntao Bai, Anna Chen, Dawn Drain, Deep Ganguli, Tom Henighan, Andy Jones, Nicholas Joseph, Benjamin Mann, Nova DasSarma, Nelson Elhage, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Danny Hernandez, Jackson Kernion, Kamal Ndousse, Catherine Olsson, Dario Amodei, Tom B. Brown, Jack Clark, Sam McCandlish, Chris Olah, and Jared Kaplan. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big?
Emily M. Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Margaret Mitchell. 2021 · 2021
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Webgpt: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback
Reiichiro Nakano, Jacob Hilton, Suchir Balaji, Jeff Wu, Long Ouyang, Christina Kim, Christopher Hesse, Shantanu Jain, Vineet Kosaraju, William Saunders, Xu Jiang, Karl Cobbe, Tyna Eloundou, Gretchen Krueger, Kevin Button, Matthew Knight, Benjamin Chess, and John Schulman. 2021 · 2021
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Openai api
OpenAI. 2020 · 2021
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Gpt-3 powers the next generation of apps
OpenAI. 2021 · 2021
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
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True few-shot learning with language models
Ethan Perez, Douwe Kiela, and Kyunghyun Cho. 2021 · 2021
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Scaling language models: Methods, analysis & insights from training gopher
Jack W. Rae, Sebastian Borgeaud, Trevor Cai, Katie Millican, Jordan Hoffmann, H. Francis Song, John Aslanides, Sarah Henderson, Roman Ring, Susannah Young, Eliza Rutherford, Tom Hennigan, Jacob Menick, Albin Cassirer, Richard Powell, George van den Driessche, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Maribeth Rauh, Po-Sen Huang, Amelia Glaese, Johannes Welbl, Sumanth Dathathri, Saffron Huang, Jonathan Uesato, John Mellor, Irina Higgins, Antonia Creswell, Nat McAleese, Amy Wu, Erich Elsen, Siddhant M. Jayakumar, Elena Buchatskaya, David Budden, Esme Sutherland, Karen Simonyan, Michela Paganini, Laurent Sifre, Lena Martens, Xiang Lorraine Li, Adhiguna Kuncoro, Aida Nematzadeh, Elena Gribovskaya, Domenic Donato, Angeliki Lazaridou, Arthur Mensch, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Maria Tsimpoukelli, Nikolai Grigorev, Doug Fritz, Thibault Sottiaux, Mantas Pajarskas, Toby Pohlen, Zhitao Gong, Daniel Toyama, Cyprien de Masson d’Autume, Yujia Li, Tayfun Terzi, Vladimir Mikulik, Igor Babuschkin, Aidan Clark, Diego de Las Casas, Aurelia Guy, Chris Jones, James Bradbury, Matthew Johnson, Blake A. Hechtman, Laura Weidinger, Iason Gabriel, William S. Isaac, Edward Lockhart, Simon Osindero, Laura Rimell, Chris Dyer, Oriol Vinyals, Kareem Ayoub, Jeff Stanway, Lorrayne Bennett, Demis Hassabis, Koray Kavukcuoglu, and Geoffrey Irving. 2021 · 2021
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tuner007/pegasus_paraphrase
Arpit Rajauria. 2020 · 2021
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Recipes for building an open-domain chatbot
Stephen Roller, Emily Dinan, Naman Goyal, Da Ju, Mary Williamson, Yinhan Liu, Jing Xu, Myle Ott, Eric Michael Smith, Y-Lan Boureau, and Jason Weston. 2021 · 2021
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Retrieval augmentation reduces hallucination in conversation
Kurt Shuster, Spencer Poff, Moya Chen, Douwe Kiela, and Jason Weston. 2021 · 2021
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Process for adapting language models to society (palms) with values-targeted datasets
Irene Solaiman and Christy Dennison. 2021 · 2021
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Understanding the capabilities, limitations, and societal impact of large language models
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GPT-J-6B: A 6 Billion Parameter Autoregressive Language Model
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Finetuned language models are zero-shot learners
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Detecting hallucinated content in conditional neural sequence generation
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