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Comprehensively understanding and accurately predicting the performance of large language models across diverse downstream tasks has emerged as a pivotal challenge in NLP research.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Chris Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 1901
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A Value for N-Person Games
Lloyd S. Shapley. 1952 · 1952
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Matrix factorization techniques for recommender systems
Yehuda Koren, Robert Bell, and Chris Volinsky. 2009 · 2009
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Hierarchical Clustering , pages 195–211. Springer
Frank Nielsen. 2016 · 2016
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Neural collaborative filtering
Xiangnan He, Lizi Liao, Hanwang Zhang, Liqiang Nie, Xia Hu, and Tat-Seng Chua. 2017 · 2017
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A unified approach to interpreting model predictions
Scott M. Lundberg and Su-In Lee. 2017 · 2017
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On the measure of intelligence
François Chollet. 2019 · 2019
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Oboe: Collaborative filtering for automl model selection
Chengrun Yang, Yuji Akimoto, Dae Won Kim, and Madeleine Udell. 2019 · 2019
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Extrapolating gpt-n performance
Lukas Finnveden. 2020 · 2020
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Scaling laws for autoregressive generative modeling
Tom Henighan, Jared Kaplan, Mor Katz, Mark Chen, Christopher Hesse, Jacob Jackson, Heewoo Jun, Tom B. Brown, Prafulla Dhariwal, Scott Gray, Chris Hallacy, Benjamin Mann, Alec Radford, Aditya Ramesh, Nick Ryder, Daniel M. Ziegler, John Schulman, Dario Amodei, and Sam McCandlish. 2020 · 2020
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 2020
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On the correlation of word embedding evaluation metrics
François Torregrossa, Vincent Claveau, Nihel Kooli, Guillaume Gravier, and Robin Allesiardo. 2020 · 2020
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Program synthesis with large language models
Jacob Austin, Augustus Odena, Maxwell Nye, Maarten Bosma, Henryk Michalewski, David Dohan, Ellen Jiang, Carrie Cai, Michael Terry, Quoc Le, and Charles Sutton. 2021 · 2021
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Evaluating large language models trained on code
Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde de Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, Harri Edwards, Yuri Burda, Nicholas Joseph, Greg Brockman, Alex Ray, Raul Puri, Gretchen Krueger, Michael Petrov, Heidy Khlaaf, Girish Sastry, Pamela Mishkin, Brooke Chan, Scott Gray, Nick Ryder, Mikhail Pavlov, Alethea Power, Lukasz Kaiser, Mohammad Bavarian, Clemens Winter, Philippe Tillet, Felipe Petroski Such, Dave Cummings, Matthias Plappert, Fotios Chantzis, Elizabeth Barnes, Ariel Herbert-Voss, William Hebgen Guss, Alex Nichol, Alex Paino, Nikolas Tezak, Jie Tang, Igor Babuschkin, Suchir Balaji, Shantanu Jain, William Saunders, Christopher Hesse, Andrew N. Carr, Jan Leike, Josh Achiam, Vedant Misra, Evan Morikawa, Alec Radford, Matthew Knight, Miles Brundage, Mira Murati, Katie Mayer, Peter Welinder, Bob McGrew, Dario Amodei, Sam McCandlish, Ilya Sutskever, and Wojciech Zaremba. 2021 · 2021
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, Christopher Hesse, and John Schulman. 2021 · 2021
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Explaining by removing: a unified framework for model explanation
Ian C. Covert, Scott Lundberg, and Su-In Lee. 2021 · 2021
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Scaling laws for neural machine translation
Behrooz Ghorbani, Orhan Firat, Markus Freitag, Ankur Bapna, Maxim Krikun, Xavier Garcia, Ciprian Chelba, and Colin Cherry. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Data and parameter scaling laws for neural machine translation
Mitchell A Gordon, Kevin Duh, and Jared Kaplan. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaling laws and interpretability of learning from repeated data
Danny Hernandez, Tom Brown, Tom Conerly, Nova DasSarma, Dawn Drain, Sheer El-Showk, Nelson Elhage, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Tom Henighan, Tristan Hume, Scott Johnston, Ben Mann, Chris Olah, Catherine Olsson, Dario Amodei, Nicholas Joseph, Jared Kaplan, and Sam McCandlish. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
An empirical analysis of compute-optimal large language model training
Are emergent abilities of large language models a mirage?
Rylan Schaeffer, Brando Miranda, and Sanmi Koyejo. 2023 · 2023
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Llamas know what gpts don’t show: Surrogate models for confidence estimation
Vaishnavi Shrivastava, Percy Liang, and Ananya Kumar. 2023 · 2023
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Brian Ichter, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc Le, and Denny Zhou. 2023 · 2023
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Effective long-context scaling of foundation models
Wenhan Xiong, Jingyu Liu, Igor Molybog, Hejia Zhang, Prajjwal Bhargava, Rui Hou, Louis Martin, Rashi Rungta, Karthik Abinav Sankararaman, Barlas Oguz, Madian Khabsa, Han Fang, Yashar Mehdad, Sharan Narang, Kshitiz Malik, Angela Fan, Shruti Bhosale, Sergey Edunov, Mike Lewis, Sinong Wang, and Hao Ma. 2023 · 2023
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alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.
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Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, Tom Hennigan, Eric Noland, Katherine Millican, George van den Driessche, Bogdan Damoc, Aurelia Guy, Simon Osindero, Karen Simonyan, Erich Elsen, Oriol Vinyals, Jack William Rae, and Laurent Sifre. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Fastshap: Real-time shapley value estimation
Neil Jethani, Mukund Sudarshan, Ian Covert, Su-In Lee, and Rajesh Ranganath. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Advances in Collaborative Filtering , pages 91–142. Springer
Yehuda Koren, Steffen Rendle, and Robert Bell. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, John Schulman, Jacob Hilton, Fraser Kelton, Luke Miller, Maddie Simens, Amanda Askell, Peter Welinder, Paul F Christiano, Jan Leike, and Ryan Lowe. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Challenging big-bench tasks and whether chain-of-thought can solve them
Mirac Suzgun, Nathan Scales, Nathanael Schärli, Sebastian Gehrmann, Yi Tay, Hyung Won Chung, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Quoc V. Le, Ed H. Chi, Denny Zhou, and Jason Wei. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Emergent abilities of large language models
Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel, Barret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama, Maarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, Ed H. Chi, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Oriol Vinyals, Percy Liang, Jeff Dean, and William Fedus. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
A theory for emergence of complex skills in language models
Sanjeev Arora and Anirudh Goyal. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Broken neural scaling laws
Ethan Caballero, Kshitij Gupta, Irina Rish, and David Krueger. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Zhang Zhuocheng, Shuhao Gu, Min Zhang, and Yang Feng. 2023 · 2023
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Llama 3 model card
AI@Meta. 2024 · 2024
Closest in time.
Foundational challenges in assuring alignment and safety of large language models
Usman Anwar, Abulhair Saparov, Javier Rando, Daniel Paleka, Miles Turpin, Peter Hase, Ekdeep Singh Lubana, Erik Jenner, Stephen Casper, Oliver Sourbut, Benjamin L. Edelman, Zhaowei Zhang, Mario Günther, Anton Korinek, Jose Hernandez-Orallo, Lewis Hammond, Eric Bigelow, Alexander Pan, Lauro Langosco, Tomasz Korbak, Heidi Zhang, Ruiqi Zhong, Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh, Gabriel Recchia, Giulio Corsi, Alan Chan, Markus Anderljung, Lilian Edwards, Yoshua Bengio, Danqi Chen, Samuel Albanie, Tegan Maharaj, Jakob Foerster, Florian Tramer, He He, Atoosa Kasirzadeh, Yejin Choi, and David Krueger. 2024 · 2024
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Explaining neural scaling laws
Yasaman Bahri, Ethan Dyer, Jared Kaplan, Jaehoon Lee, and Utkarsh Sharma. 2024 · 2024
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Gemini 1.5 blog
Google. 2024 · 2024
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Predicting emergent abilities with infinite resolution evaluation
Shengding Hu, Xin Liu, Xu Han, Xinrong Zhang, Chaoqun He, Weilin Zhao, Yankai Lin, Ning Ding, Zebin Ou, Guoyang Zeng, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun. 2024 · 2024
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Scaling laws for downstream task performance of large language models
Berivan Isik, Natalia Ponomareva, Hussein Hazimeh, Dimitris Paparas, Sergei Vassilvitskii, and Sanmi Koyejo. 2024 · 2024
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How predictable is language model benchmark performance?
David Owen. 2024 · 2024
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Efficient benchmarking of language models
Yotam Perlitz, Elron Bandel, Ariel Gera, Ofir Arviv, Liat Ein-Dor, Eyal Shnarch, Noam Slonim, Michal Shmueli-Scheuer, and Leshem Choshen. 2024 · 2024
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tinyBenchmarks: evaluating llms with fewer examples
Felipe Maia Polo, Lucas Weber, Leshem Choshen, Yuekai Sun, Gongjun Xu, and Mikhail Yurochkin. 2024 · 2024
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Observational scaling laws and the predictability of language model performance
Yangjun Ruan, Chris J. Maddison, and Tatsunori Hashimoto. 2024 · 2024
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