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We investigate large language model performance across five orders of magnitude of compute scaling in eleven recent model architectures.
Extrapolating GPT-N performance
Lukas Finnveden · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al · 2020
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Scipy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in python
Pauli Virtanen, Ralf Gommers, Travis E Oliphant, Matt Haberland, Tyler Reddy, David Cournapeau, Evgeni Burovski, Pearu Peterson, Warren Weckesser, Jonathan Bright, et al · 2020
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2020
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Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J Liu · 2020
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Scaling language models: Methods, analysis & insights from training Gopher
Jack W Rae, Sebastian Borgeaud, Trevor Cai, Katie Millican, Jordan Hoffmann, Francis Song, John Aslanides, Sarah Henderson, Roman Ring, Susannah Young, et al · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Beyond the imitation game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models
Aarohi Srivastava, Abhinav Rastogi, Abhishek Rao, Abu Awal Md Shoeb, Abubakar Abid, Adam Fisch, Adam R Brown, Adam Santoro, Aditya Gupta, Adrià Garriga-Alonso, et al · 2022
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PaLM in "Extrapolating GPT-N performance"
Lukas Finnveden · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Emergent abilities of large language models
Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel, Barret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama, Maarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, Donald Metzler, et al · 2022
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Is AI Progress Impossible to Predict?
Alyssa Vance · 2022
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Predictability and surprise in large generative models
Deep Ganguli, Danny Hernandez, Liane Lovitt, Amanda Askell, Yuntao Bai, Anna Chen, Tom Conerly, Nova Dassarma, Dawn Drain, Nelson Elhage, et al · 2022
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Revisiting neural scaling laws in language and vision
Ibrahim M Alabdulmohsin, Behnam Neyshabur, and Xiaohua Zhai · 2022
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Ethan Caballero, Kshitij Gupta, Irina Rish, and David Krueger · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Training compute-optimal large language models
Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Chinchilla’s wild implications
Nostalgebraist · 2022
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Challenging big-bench tasks and whether chain-of-thought can solve them
Mirac Suzgun, Nathan Scales, Nathanael Schärli, Sebastian Gehrmann, Yi Tay, Hyung Won Chung, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Quoc V Le, Ed H Chi, Denny Zhou, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
GPT-4 and PaLM-2 in "Extrapolating GPT-N performance"
Lukas Finnveden · 2023
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Are emergent abilities of large language models a mirage?
Rylan Schaeffer, Brando Miranda, and Sanmi Koyejo · 2023
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Twitter thread on retrodicting GPT-4 MMLU performance
Matthew Barnett · 2023
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OpenAI · 2023
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Technical report, Google DeepMind, 2023
Gemini technical report · 2023
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Ege Erdil and Tamay Besiroglu · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
PaLM: Scaling language modeling with pathways
Aakanksha Chowdhery, Sharan Narang, Jacob Devlin, Maarten Bosma, Gaurav Mishra, Adam Roberts, Paul Barham, Hyung Won Chung, Charles Sutton, Sebastian Gehrmann, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Parameter, compute and data trends in machine learning
Epoch · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
GPT-NeoX-20B: An open-source autoregressive language model
Sid Black, Stella Biderman, Eric Hallahan, Quentin Anthony, Leo Gao, Laurence Golding, Horace He, Connor Leahy, Kyle McDonell, Jason Phang, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
OPT: Open pre-trained transformer language models
Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Mikel Artetxe, Moya Chen, Shuohui Chen, Christopher Dewan, Mona Diab, Xian Li, Xi Victoria Lin, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
BLOOM: A 176B-parameter open-access multilingual language model
Teven Le Scao, Angela Fan, Christopher Akiki, Ellie Pavlick, Suzana Ilić, Daniel Hesslow, Roman Castagné, Alexandra Sasha Luccioni, François Yvon, Matthias Gallé, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Transcending scaling laws with 0.1% extra compute
Yi Tay, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Vinh Q Tran, David R So, Siamak Shakeri, Xavier Garcia, Huaixiu Steven Zheng, Jinfeng Rao, Aakanksha Chowdhery, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
What a compute-centric framework says about AI takeoff speeds - a draft report
Tom Davidson · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Rohan Anil, Andrew M Dai, Orhan Firat, Melvin Johnson, Dmitry Lepikhin, Alexandre Passos, Siamak Shakeri, Emanuel Taropa, Paige Bailey, Zhifeng Chen, et al · 2023
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Gpqa: A graduate-level google-proof q&a benchmark
David Rein, Betty Li Hou, Asa Cooper Stickland, Jackson Petty, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Julien Dirani, Julian Michael, and Samuel R Bowman · 2023
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SWE-bench: Can language models resolve real-world GitHub issues?
Carlos E Jimenez, John Yang, Alexander Wettig, Shunyu Yao, Kexin Pei, Ofir Press, and Karthik Narasimhan · 2023
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BloombergGPT: A large language model for finance
Shijie Wu, Ozan Irsoy, Steven Lu, Vadim Dabravolski, Mark Dredze, Sebastian Gehrmann, Prabhanjan Kambadur, David Rosenberg, and Gideon Mann · 2023
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LLaMa: Open and efficient foundation language models
Hugo Touvron, Thibaut Lavril, Gautier Izacard, Xavier Martinet, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Timothée Lacroix, Baptiste Rozière, Naman Goyal, Eric Hambro, Faisal Azhar, et al · 2023
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Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models
Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Albert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti Bhosale, et al · 2023
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