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Large language models (LLMs) hold promise to serve complex health information needs but also have the potential to introduce harm and exacerbate health disparities.
“Healthsheet: Development of a Transparency Artifact for Health Datasets”
Negar Rostamzadeh, Diana Mincu, Subhrajit Roy, Andrew Smart, Lauren Wilcox, Mahima Pushkarna, Jessica Schrouff, Razvan Amironesei, Nyalleng Moorosi and Katherine Heller · 1961
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Estimating the Reliability, Systematic Error and Random Error of Interval Data”
Klaus Krippendorff · 1970
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Estimating the Reliability, Systematic Error and Random Error of Interval Data”
Klaus Krippendorff · 1970
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“The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design”
Urie Bronfenbrenner · 1979
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“Better Bootstrap Confidence Intervals”
Bradley Efron · 1987
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“High Agreement but Low Kappa: I. The Problems of Two Paradoxes”
A.. Feinstein and D.. Cicchetti · 1990
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“Free-Marginal Multirater Kappa (Multirater K [Free]): An Alternative to Fleiss’ Fixed-Marginal Multirater Kappa.”
Justus Randolph · 2005
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“Free-Marginal Multirater Kappa (Multirater K [Free]): An Alternative to Fleiss’ Fixed-Marginal Multirater Kappa.”
Justus Randolph · 2005
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Participatory Problem Formulation for Fairer Machine Learning Through Community Based System Dynamics”
Donald Martin., Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Jill Kuhlberg, Andrew Smart and William. Isaac · 2005
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“Bootstrapping Clustered Data”
C.. Field and A.. Welsh · 2007
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“Race, Racism and Health: Disparities, Mechanisms, and Interventions”
Elizabeth Brondolo, Linda. Gallo and Hector. Myers · 2009
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“Socioeconomic Disparities in Health in the United States: What the Patterns Tell Us”
Paula. Braveman, Catherine Cubbin, Susan Egerter, David. Williams and Elsie Pamuk · 2009
Earlier work this paper cites.
“A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health”, Discussion Paper Series on Social Determinants of Health, 2
World Health Organization · 2010
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Comparative Survey Methodology”
Janet. Harkness, Michael Braun, Brad Edwards, Timothy. Johnson, Lars Lyberg, Peter. Mohler, Beth-Ellen Pennell and Tom. Smith · 2010
Earlier work this paper cites.
“statsmodels: Econometric and statistical modeling with Python”
Skipper Seabold and Josef Perktold · 2010
Earlier work this paper cites.
“A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health”, Discussion Paper Series on Social Determinants of Health, 2
World Health Organization · 2010
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Health Care and Equity in India”
Yarlini Balarajan, S Selvaraj and S Subramanian · 2011
Earlier work this paper cites.
“202Ecosocial Theory of Disease Distribution: Embodying Societal & Ecologic Context”
Nancy Krieger · 2011
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Africanizing the Social Determinants of Health: Embedded Structural Inequalities and Current Health Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa”
Hyacinth Ichoku, Gavin Mooney and John-Ojo Ataguba · 2013
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Handbook of Health Survey Methods”
Timothy Johnson · 2015
Earlier work this paper cites.
“How Robust Are Multirater Interrater Reliability Indices to Changes in Frequency Distribution?”
David Quarfoot and Richard. Levine · 2016
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Integrating Community-Based Participatory Research and Informatics Approaches to Improve the Engagement and Health of Underserved Populations”
Kim Unertl, Chris Schaefbauer, Terrance Campbell, Charles Senteio, Katie Siek, Suzanne Bakken and Tiffany Veinot · 2016
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Structural Racism and Health Inequities in the USA: Evidence and Interventions”
Zinzi. Bailey, Nancy Krieger, Madina Agénor, Jasmine Graves, Natalia Linos and Mary. Bassett · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Counterfactual Fairness”
Matt Kusner, Joshua Loftus, Chris Russell and Ricardo Silva · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Overview of the Medical Question Answering Task at TREC 2017 LiveQA”
Asma Ben Abacha, Eugene Agichtein, Yuval Pinter and Dina Demner-Fushman · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Fast Krippendorff: Fast computation of Krippendorff’s alpha agreement measure”
Santiago Castro · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The Root Causes of Health Inequity”
Alina Baciu, Yamrot Negussie, Amy Geller and James Weinstein · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Structural Racism and Health Inequities in the USA: Evidence and Interventions”
Zinzi. Bailey, Nancy Krieger, Madina Agénor, Jasmine Graves, Natalia Linos and Mary. Bassett · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The State of Health Disparities in the United States”
Alina Baciu, Yamrot Negussie, Amy Geller, James Weinstein, Engineering National and Medicine · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Comparing Bayesian Models of Annotation”
Silviu Paun, Bob Carpenter, Jon Chamberlain, Dirk Hovy, Udo Kruschwitz and Massimo Poesio · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Inequalities in Health and Health Risk Factors in the Southern African Development Community: Evidence from World Health Surveys”
Stella. Umuhoza and John. Ataguba · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Understanding How Discrimination Can Affect Health”
David. Williams, Jourdyn. Lawrence, Brigette. Davis and Cecilia Vu · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Dissecting Racial Bias in an Algorithm Used to Manage the Health of Populations”
Ziad Obermeyer, Brian Powers, Christine Vogeli and Sendhil Mullainathan · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Problem Formulation and Fairness”
Samir Passi and Solon Barocas · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Model cards for model reporting”
Margaret Mitchell, Simone Wu, Andrew Zaldivar, Parker Barnes, Lucy Vasserman, Ben Hutchinson, Elena Spitzer, Inioluwa Raji and Timnit Gebru · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Counterfactual Fairness in Text Classification through Robustness”
Sahaj Garg, Vincent Perot, Nicole Limtiaco, Ankur Taly, Ed. Chi and Alex Beutel · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Perturbation Sensitivity Analysis to Detect Unintended Model Biases”
Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Ben Hutchinson and Margaret Mitchell · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Bridging the Gap Between Consumers’ Medication Questions and Trusted Answers.”
Asma Abacha, Yassine Mrabet, Mark Sharp, Travis Goodwin, Sonya Shooshan and Dina Demner-Fushman · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Can AI Help Reduce Disparities in General Medical and Mental Health Care?”
Irene. Chen, Peter Szolovits and Marzyeh Ghassemi · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Understanding How Discrimination Can Affect Health”
David. Williams, Jourdyn. Lawrence, Brigette. Davis and Cecilia Vu · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Dissecting Racial Bias in an Algorithm Used to Manage the Health of Populations”
Ziad Obermeyer, Brian Powers, Christine Vogeli and Sendhil Mullainathan · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Deconstructing Community-Based Collaborative Design: Towards More Equitable Participatory Design Engagements”
Christina Harrington, Sheena Erete and Anne Piper · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“An Empirical Characterization of Fair Machine Learning for Clinical Risk Prediction”
Stephen. Pfohl, Agata Foryciarz and Nigam. Shah · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Closing the AI Accountability Gap: Defining an End-to-End Framework for Internal Algorithmic Auditing”
Inioluwa Raji, Andrew Smart, Rebecca. White, Margaret Mitchell, Timnit Gebru, Ben Hutchinson, Jamila Smith-Loud, Daniel Theron and Parker Barnes · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Algorithmic Colonization of Africa”
Abeba Birhane · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Learning to Summarize with Human Feedback”
Nisan Stiennon, Long Ouyang, Jeff Wu, Daniel. Ziegler, Ryan Lowe, Chelsea Voss, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei and Paul Christiano · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“SciPy 1.0: Fundamental Algorithms for Scientific Computing in Python”
Pauli Virtanen, Ralf Gommers, Travis. Oliphant, Matt Haberland, Tyler Reddy, David Cournapeau, Evgeni Burovski, Pearu Peterson, Warren Weckesser, Jonathan Bright, Stéfan. van der Walt, Matthew Brett, Joshua Wilson, K. Millman, Nikolay Mayorov, Andrew.. Nelson, Eric Jones, Robert Kern, Eric Larson, C Carey, İlhan Polat, Yu Feng, Eric. Moore, Jake VanderPlas, Denis Laxalde, Josef Perktold, Robert Cimrman, Ian Henriksen, E.. Quintero, Charles. Harris, Anne. Archibald, Antônio. Ribeiro, Fabian Pedregosa, Paul van Mulbregt and SciPy 1.0 Contributors · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Health Inequity in Workers of Latin America and the Caribbean”
Michael Silva-Peñaherrera, María Lopez-Ruiz, Pamela Merino-Salazar, Antonioón Gómez-García and Fernando. Benavides · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“”The Human Body Is a Black Box”: Supporting Clinical Decision-Making with Deep Learning”
Mark Sendak, Madeleine Elish, Michael Gao, Joseph Futoma, William Ratliff, Marshall Nichols, Armando Bedoya, Suresh Balu and Cara O’Brien · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Closing the AI Accountability Gap: Defining an End-to-End Framework for Internal Algorithmic Auditing”
Inioluwa Raji, Andrew Smart, Rebecca. White, Margaret Mitchell, Timnit Gebru, Ben Hutchinson, Jamila Smith-Loud, Daniel Theron and Parker Barnes · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
“The Forgotten Margins: What Is Community-Based Participatory Health Design Telling Us?”
Christina Harrington · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
“On the dangers of stochastic parrots: Can language models be too big?”
Emily Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major and Shmargaret Shmitchell · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
“Ethical Machine Learning in Healthcare”
Irene. Chen, Emma Pierson, Sherri Rose, Shalmali Joshi, Kadija Ferryman and Marzyeh Ghassemi · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
“New Creatinine- and Cystatin C–Based Equations to Estimate GFR without Race”
Lesley. Inker, Nwamaka. Eneanya, Josef Coresh, Hocine Tighiouart, Dan Wang, Yingying Sang, Deidra. Crews, Alessandro Doria, Michelle. Estrella, Marc Froissart, Morgan. Grams, Tom Greene, Anders Grubb, Vilmundur Gudnason, Orlando. Gutiérrez, Roberto Kalil, Amy. Karger, Michael Mauer, Gerjan Navis, Robert. Nelson, Emilio. Poggio, Roger Rodby, Peter Rossing, Andrew. Rule, Elizabeth Selvin, Jesse. Seegmiller, Michael. Shlipak, Vicente. Torres, Wei Yang, Shoshana. Ballew, Sara. Couture, Neil. Powe and Andrew. Levey · 2021
“Foundation models for generalist medical artificial intelligence”
Michael Moor, Oishi Banerjee, Zahra Abad, Harlan Krumholz, Jure Leskovec, Eric Topol and Pranav Rajpurkar · 2023
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“MedAlign: A Clinician-Generated Dataset for Instruction Following with Electronic Medical Records”
Scott. Fleming, Alejandro Lozano, William. Haberkorn, Jenelle. Jindal, Eduardo. Reis, Rahul Thapa, Louis Blankemeier, Julian. Genkins, Ethan Steinberg, Ashwin Nayak, Birju. Patel, Chia-Chun Chiang, Alison Callahan, Zepeng Huo, Sergios Gatidis, Scott. Adams, Oluseyi Fayanju, Shreya. Shah, Thomas Savage, Ethan Goh, Akshay. Chaudhari, Nima Aghaeepour, Christopher Sharp, Michael. Pfeffer, Percy Liang, Jonathan. Chen, Keith. Morse, Emma. Brunskill, Jason. Fries and Nigam. Shah · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
“Med-HALT: Medical Domain Hallucination Test for Large Language Models”
Ankit Pal, Logesh Umapathi and Malaikannan Sankarasubbu · 2023
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“Accuracy of a generative artificial intelligence model in a complex diagnostic challenge”
Zahir Kanjee, Byron Crowe and Adam Rodman · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
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Cited alongside, same era.
“Stereotyping Norwegian salmon: An inventory of pitfalls in fairness benchmark datasets”
Su Blodgett, Gilsinia Lopez, Alexandra Olteanu, Robert Sim and Hanna Wallach · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
“Re-imagining algorithmic fairness in india and beyond”
Nithya Sambasivan, Erin Arnesen, Ben Hutchinson, Tulsee Doshi and Vinodkumar Prabhakaran · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
“Datasheets for Datasets”
Timnit Gebru, Jamie Morgenstern, Briana Vecchione, Jennifer Vaughan, Hanna Wallach, Hal Daumé and Kate Crawford · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
“Cross-Replication Reliability - An Empirical Approach to Interpreting Inter-rater Reliability”
Ka Wong, Praveen Paritosh and Lora Aroyo · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
“Ethical Machine Learning in Healthcare”
Irene. Chen, Emma Pierson, Sherri Rose, Shalmali Joshi, Kadija Ferryman and Marzyeh Ghassemi · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
“A Large Language Model for Electronic Health Records”
Xi Yang, Aokun Chen, Nima PourNejatian, Hoo Shin, Kaleb Smith, Christopher Parisien, Colin Compas, Cheryl Martin, Anthony Costa and Mona Flores · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
“Large language models are few-shot clinical information extractors”
Monica Agrawal, Stefan Hegselmann, Hunter Lang, Yoon Kim and David Sontag · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Daniel McDuff, Mike Schaekermann, Tao Tu, Anil Palepu, Amy Wang, Jake Garrison, Karan Singhal, Yash Sharma, Shekoofeh Azizi and Kavita Kulkarni · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
“Testing the Limits of Language Models: A Conversational Framework for Medical AI Assessment”
Shreya Johri, Jaehwan Jeong, Benjamin Tran, Daniel Schlessinger, Shannon Wongvibulsin, Zhuo Cai, Roxana Daneshjou and Pranav Rajpurkar · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
“A ChatGPT Aided Explainable Framework for Zero-Shot Medical Image Diagnosis”
Jiaxiang Liu, Tianxiang Hu, Yan Zhang, Xiaotang Gai, Yang Feng and Zuozhu Liu · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
“ChatCAD: Interactive Computer-Aided Diagnosis on Medical Image Using Large Language Models”
Sheng Wang, Zihao Zhao, Xi Ouyang, Qian Wang and Dinggang Shen · 2023
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“Enhancing Medical Image Report Generation through Standard Language Models: Leveraging the Power of LLMs in Healthcare”
Giorgio Leonardi, Luigi Portinale and Andrea Santomauro · 2023
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“Consensus, Dissensus and Synergy between Clinicians and Specialist Foundation Models in Radiology Report Generation”, 2023
Ryutaro Tanno, David Barrett, Andrew Sellergren, Sumedh Ghaisas, Sumanth Dathathri, Abigail See, Johannes Welbl, Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, Mike Schaekermann, Rhys May, Roy Lee, Siwai Man, S. Mahdavi, Danielle Belgrave, Vivek Natarajan, Shravya Shetty and Sofia Ktena · 2023
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“Human–AI Collaboration Enables More Empathic Conversations in Text-Based Peer-to-Peer Mental Health Support”
Ashish Sharma, Inna Lin, Adam Miner, David Atkins and Tim Althoff · 2023
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“Use Large Language Models to Promote Equity”
Emma Pierson, Divya Shanmugam, Rajiv Movva, Jon Kleinberg, Monica Agrawal, Mark Dredze, Kadija Ferryman, Judy Gichoya, Dan Jurafsky, Pang Koh, Karen Levy, Sendhil Mullainathan, Ziad Obermeyer, Harini Suresh and Keyon Vafa · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
“Equity within AI Systems: What Can Health Leaders Expect?”
Emma Gurevich, Basheer El and Christo El · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
“Centering health equity in large language model deployment”
Nina Singh, Katharine Lawrence, Safiya Richardson and Devin Mann · 2023
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“Assessing Racial and Ethnic Bias in Text Generation for Healthcare-Related Tasks by ChatGPT”, 2023
John. Hanna, Abdi. Wakene, Christoph. Lehmann and Richard. Medford · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
“Large Language Models Propagate Race-Based Medicine”
Jesutofunmi. Omiye, Jenna. Lester, Simon Spichak, Veronica Rotemberg and Roxana Daneshjou · 2023
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“Sociotechnical harms of algorithmic systems: Scoping a taxonomy for harm reduction”
Renee Shelby, Shalaleh Rismani, Kathryn Henne, AJung Moon, Negar Rostamzadeh, Paul Nicholas, N’Mah Yilla-Akbari, Jess Gallegos, Andrew Smart and Emilio Garcia · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
“Sociotechnical safety evaluation of generative AI systems”
Laura Weidinger, Maribeth Rauh, Nahema Marchal, Arianna Manzini, Lisa Hendricks, Juan Mateos-Garcia, Stevie Bergman, Jackie Kay, Conor Griffin and Ben Bariach · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
“A Normative Framework for Artificial Intelligence as a Sociotechnical System in Healthcare”
Melissa. McCradden, Shalmali Joshi, James. Anderson and Alex London · 2023
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“DICES Dataset: Diversity in Conversational AI Evaluation for Safety”
Lora Aroyo, Alex. Taylor, Mark Díaz, Christopher. Homan, Alicia Parrish, Greg Serapio-García, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran and Ding Wang · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
Christopher Homan, Greg Serapio-Garcia, Lora Aroyo, Mark Diaz, Alicia Parrish, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Alex Taylor and Ding Wang · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
“The Reasonable Effectiveness of Diverse Evaluation Data”
Lora Aroyo, Mark Díaz, Christopher Homan, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Alex Taylor and Ding Wang · 2023
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“A Framework to Assess (Dis)Agreement Among Diverse Rater Groups”
Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Christopher Homan, Lora Aroyo, Alicia Parrish, Alex Taylor, Mark Díaz and Ding Wang · 2023
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“What’s Fair Is… Fair? Presenting JustEFAB, an Ethical Framework for Operationalizing Medical Ethics and Social Justice in the Integration of Clinical Machine Learning: JustEFAB”
Melissa Mccradden, Oluwadara Odusi, Shalmali Joshi, Ismail Akrout, Kagiso Ndlovu, Ben Glocker, Gabriel Maicas, Xiaoxuan Liu, Mjaye Mazwi, Tee Garnett, Lauren Oakden-Rayner, Myrtede Alfred, Irvine Sihlahla, Oswa Shafei and Anna Goldenberg · 2023
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“The Value of Standards for Health Datasets in Artificial Intelligence-Based Applications”
Anmol Arora, Joseph. Alderman, Joanne Palmer, Shaswath Ganapathi, Elinor Laws, Melissa. McCradden, Lauren Oakden-Rayner, Stephen. Pfohl, Marzyeh Ghassemi, Francis McKay, Darren Treanor, Negar Rostamzadeh, Bilal Mateen, Jacqui Gath, Adewole. Adebajo, Stephanie Kuku, Rubeta Matin, Katherine Heller, Elizabeth Sapey, Neil. Sebire, Heather Cole-Lewis, Melanie Calvert, Alastair Denniston and Xiaoxuan Liu · 2023
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“Recommendations for Diversity, Inclusivity, and Generalisability in Artificial Intelligence Health Technologies and Health Datasets”
The STANDING Together Collaboration · 2023
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“Envisioning Equitable Speech Technologies for Black Older Adults”
Robin. Brewer, Christina Harrington and Courtney Heldreth · 2023
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Jamila Smith-Loud, Andrew Smart, Darlene Neal, Amber Ebinama, Eric Corbett, Paul Nicholas, Qazi Rashid, Anne Peckham, Sarah Murphy-Gray and Nicole Morris · 2023
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“Large Language Models in Medicine: The Potentials and Pitfalls: A Narrative Review”
Jesutofunmi Omiye, Haiwen Gui, Shawheen Rezaei, James Zou and Roxana Daneshjou · 2024
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“Almanac—Retrieval-augmented language models for clinical medicine”
Cyril Zakka, Rohan Shad, Akash Chaurasia, Alex Dalal, Jennifer Kim, Michael Moor, Robyn Fong, Curran Phillips, Kevin Alexander and Euan Ashley · 2024
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“Towards generalist biomedical ai”
Tao Tu, Shekoofeh Azizi, Danny Driess, Mike Schaekermann, Mohamed Amin, Pi-Chuan Chang, Andrew Carroll, Charles Lau, Ryutaro Tanno and Ira Ktena · 2024
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“Operational Framework for Monitoring Social Determinants of Health Equity”, 2024
World Health Organization · 2024
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“Assessing the Potential of GPT-4 to Perpetuate Racial and Gender Biases in Health Care: A Model Evaluation Study”
Travis Zack, Eric Lehman, Mirac Suzgun, Jorge. Rodriguez, Leo Celi, Judy Gichoya, Dan Jurafsky, Peter Szolovits, David. Bates, Raja-Elie. Abdulnour, Atul. Butte and Emily Alsentzer · 2024
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“Red-Teaming for Generative AI: Silver Bullet or Security Theater?”
Michael Feffer, Anusha Sinha, Zachary Lipton and Hoda Heidari · 2024
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“LLM Comparator: Visual Analytics for Side-by-Side Evaluation of Large Language Models”
Minsuk Kahng, Ian Tenney, Mahima Pushkarna, Michael Liu, James Wexler, Emily Reif, Krystal Kallarackal, Minsuk Chang, Michael Terry and Lucas Dixon · 2024
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“GRASP: A Disagreement Analysis Framework to Assess Group Associations in Perspectives”
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“The Case for Globalizing Fairness: A Mixed Methods Study on Colonialism, AI, and Health in Africa”
Mercy Asiedu, Awa Dieng, Alexander Haykel, Negar Rostamzadeh, Stephen Pfohl, Chirag Nagpal, Maria Nagawa, Abigail Oppong, Sanmi Koyejo and Katherine Heller · 2024
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Tao Tu, Shekoofeh Azizi, Danny Driess, Mike Schaekermann, Mohamed Amin, Pi-Chuan Chang, Andrew Carroll, Charles Lau, Ryutaro Tanno and Ira Ktena · 2024
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“Adapted large language models can outperform medical experts in clinical text summarization”
Dave Van, Cara Van, Louis Blankemeier, Jean-Benoit Delbrouck, Asad Aali, Christian Bluethgen, Anuj Pareek, Malgorzata Polacin, Eduardo Reis, Anna Seehofnerová, Nidhi Rohatgi, Poonam Hosamani, William Collins, Neera Ahuja, Curtis. Langlotz, Jason Hom, Sergios Gatidis, John Pauly and Akshay. Chaudhari · 2024
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“Impact of Large Language Model Assistance on Patients Reading Clinical Notes: A Mixed-Methods Study”
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“Operational Framework for Monitoring Social Determinants of Health Equity”, 2024
World Health Organization · 2024
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World Health Organization · 2024
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