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Automatic evaluation methods for large language models (LLMs) are hindered by data contamination, leading to inflated assessments of their effectiveness.
Language models are few-shot learners
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Bertscore: Evaluating text generation with bert
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Hellaswag: Can a machine really finish your sentence?
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Huggingface’s transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing
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Validity problems comparing values across cultures and possible solutions
Kaiping Peng, Richard E Nisbett, and Nancy YC Wong. 1997 · 1997
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Natural language question answering: the view from here
Lynette Hirschman and Robert Gaizauskas. 2001 · 2001
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Fine-tuning pretrained language models: Weight initializations, data orders, and early stopping
Jesse Dodge, Gabriel Ilharco, Roy Schwartz, Ali Farhadi, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Noah Smith. 2020 · 2002
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Rouge: A package for automatic evaluation of summaries
Chin-Yew Lin. 2004 · 2004
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Meteor: An automatic metric for mt evaluation with improved correlation with human judgments
Satanjeev Banerjee and Alon Lavie. 2005 · 2005
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A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets
Geoffrey E. Hinton, Simon Osindero, and Yee Whye Teh. 2006 · 2006
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Scaling learning algorithms towards AI
Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun. 2007 · 2007
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2020 · 2009
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Deep learning , volume 1
Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, Aaron Courville, and Yoshua Bengio. 2016 · 2016
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A closer look at memorization in deep networks
Devansh Arpit, Stanisław Jastrzębski, Nicolas Ballas, David Krueger, Emmanuel Bengio, Maxinder S Kanwal, Tegan Maharaj, Asja Fischer, Aaron Courville, Yoshua Bengio, et al. 2017 · 2017
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Why we need new evaluation metrics for nlg
Jekaterina Novikova, Ondřej Dušek, Amanda Cercas Curry, and Verena Rieser. 2017 · 2017
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Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017 · 2017
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord. 2018 · 2018
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Improving language understanding by generative pre-training
Alec Radford, Karthik Narasimhan, Tim Salimans, Ilya Sutskever, et al. 2018 · 2018
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Glue: A multi-task benchmark and analysis platform for natural language understanding
Alex Wang, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel R Bowman. 2018 · 2018
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Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin Ming-Wei Chang Kenton and Lee Kristina Toutanova. 2019 · 2019
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Natural questions: a benchmark for question answering research
Tom Kwiatkowski, Jennimaria Palomaki, Olivia Redfield, Michael Collins, Ankur Parikh, Chris Alberti, Danielle Epstein, Illia Polosukhin, Jacob Devlin, Kenton Lee, et al. 2019 · 2019
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How to fine-tune bert for text classification?
Chi Sun, Xipeng Qiu, Yige Xu, and Xuanjing Huang. 2019 · 2019
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Deepspeed: System optimizations enable training deep learning models with over 100 billion parameters
Jeff Rasley, Samyam Rajbhandari, Olatunji Ruwase, and Yuxiong He. 2020 · 2020
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Clue: A chinese language understanding evaluation benchmark
Liang Xu, Hai Hu, Xuanwei Zhang, Lu Li, Chenjie Cao, Yudong Li, Yechen Xu, Kai Sun, Dian Yu, Cong Yu, et al. 2020 · 2020
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, et al. 2021 · 2021
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A framework for few-shot language model evaluation
Leo Gao, Jonathan Tow, Stella Biderman, Sid Black, Anthony DiPofi, Charles Foster, Laurence Golding, Jeffrey Hsu, Kyle McDonell, Niklas Muennighoff, Jason Phang, Laria Reynolds, Eric Tang, Anish Thite, Ben Wang, Kevin Wang, and Andy Zou. 2021 · 2021
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Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models
Edward J Hu, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, Weizhu Chen, et al. 2021 · 2021
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The perils of using mechanical turk to evaluate open-ended text generation
Marzena Karpinska, Nader Akoury, and Mohit Iyyer. 2021 · 2021
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Truthfulqa: Measuring how models mimic human falsehoods
Stephanie Lin, Jacob Hilton, and Owain Evans. 2021 · 2021
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Mauve: Measuring the gap between neural text and human text using divergence frontiers
Krishna Pillutla, Swabha Swayamdipta, Rowan Zellers, John Thickstun, Sean Welleck, Yejin Choi, and Zaid Harchaoui. 2021 · 2021
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Zero-infinity: Breaking the gpu memory wall for extreme scale deep learning
Samyam Rajbhandari, Olatunji Ruwase, Jeff Rasley, Shaden Smith, and Yuxiong He. 2021 · 2021
Cerebras-gpt: Open compute-optimal language models trained on the cerebras wafer-scale cluster
Nolan Dey, Gurpreet Gosal, Hemant Khachane, William Marshall, Ribhu Pathria, Marvin Tom, Joel Hestness, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Robustness challenges in model distillation and pruning for natural language understanding
Mengnan Du, Subhabrata Mukherjee, Yu Cheng, Milad Shokouhi, Xia Hu, and Ahmed Hassan. 2023 · 2023
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Alpacafarm: A simulation framework for methods that learn from human feedback
Yann Dubois, Xuechen Li, Rohan Taori, Tianyi Zhang, Ishaan Gulrajani, Jimmy Ba, Carlos Guestrin, Percy Liang, and Tatsunori B Hashimoto. 2023 · 2023
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Sharegpt dataset
Dom Eccleston. 2023 · 2023
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Gptscore: Evaluate as you desire
Jinlan Fu, See-Kiong Ng, Zhengbao Jiang, and Pengfei Liu. 2023 · 2023
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Bloom: A 176b-parameter open-access multilingual language model
Teven Le Scao, Angela Fan, Christopher Akiki, Ellie Pavlick, Suzana Ilić, Daniel Hesslow, Roman Castagné, Alexandra Sasha Luccioni, François Yvon, Matthias Gallé, et al. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Beyond the imitation game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models
Aarohi Srivastava, Abhinav Rastogi, Abhishek Rao, Abu Awal Md Shoeb, Abubakar Abid, Adam Fisch, Adam R Brown, Adam Santoro, Aditya Gupta, Adrià Garriga-Alonso, et al. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
iEval: Interactive evaluation framework for open-domain empathetic chatbots
Ekaterina Svikhnushina, Anastasiia Filippova, and Pearl Pu. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Natural language processing with transformers
Lewis Tunstall, Leandro Von Werra, and Thomas Wolf. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Self-instruct: Aligning language model with self generated instructions
Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Alisa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Bloom: A 176b-parameter open-access multilingual language model
BigScience Workshop, Teven Le Scao, Angela Fan, Christopher Akiki, Ellie Pavlick, Suzana Ilić, Daniel Hesslow, Roman Castagné, Alexandra Sasha Luccioni, François Yvon, et al. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
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Deep learning tuning playbook
Varun Godbole, George E. Dahl, Justin Gilmer, Christopher J. Shallue, and Zachary Nado. 2023 · 2023
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Evaluating large language models: A comprehensive survey
Zishan Guo, Renren Jin, Chuang Liu, Yufei Huang, Dan Shi, Linhao Yu, Yan Liu, Jiaxuan Li, Bojian Xiong, Deyi Xiong, et al. 2023 · 2023
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C-eval: A multi-level multi-discipline chinese evaluation suite for foundation models
Yuzhen Huang, Yuzhuo Bai, Zhihao Zhu, Junlei Zhang, Jinghan Zhang, Tangjun Su, Junteng Liu, Chuancheng Lv, Yikai Zhang, Jiayi Lei, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Albert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Mensch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guillaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, et al. 2023 · 2023
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An open source data contamination report for llama series models
Yucheng Li. 2023 · 2023
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Yen-Ting Lin and Yun-Nung Chen. 2023 · 2023
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Large language models for structured reporting in radiology: performance of gpt-4, chatgpt-3.5, perplexity and bing
Carlo A Mallio, Andrea C Sertorio, Caterina Bernetti, and Bruno Beomonte Zobel. 2023 · 2023
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Introducing mpt-7b: A new standard for open-source, commercially usable llms
MosaicML. 2023 · 2023
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OpenAI. 2023 · 2023
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Proving test set contamination in black box language models
Yonatan Oren, Nicole Meister, Niladri Chatterji, Faisal Ladhak, and Tatsunori B Hashimoto. 2023 · 2023
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Baolin Peng, Chunyuan Li, Pengcheng He, Michel Galley, and Jianfeng Gao. 2023 · 2023
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Nlp evaluation in trouble: On the need to measure llm data contamination for each benchmark
Oscar Sainz, Jon Ander Campos, Iker García-Ferrero, Julen Etxaniz, Oier Lopez de Lacalle, and Eneko Agirre. 2023 · 2023
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Pretraining on the test set is all you need
Rylan Schaeffer. 2023 · 2023
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Detecting pretraining data from large language models
Weijia Shi, Anirudh Ajith, Mengzhou Xia, Yangsibo Huang, Daogao Liu, Terra Blevins, Danqi Chen, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023 · 2023
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Stanford alpaca: An instruction-following llama model
Rohan Taori, Ishaan Gulrajani, Tianyi Zhang, Yann Dubois, Xuechen Li, Carlos Guestrin, Percy Liang, and Tatsunori B. Hashimoto. 2023 · 2023
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Skywork: A more open bilingual foundation model
Tianwen Wei, Liang Zhao, Lichang Zhang, Bo Zhu, Lijie Wang, Haihua Yang, Biye Li, Cheng Cheng, Weiwei Lü, Rui Hu, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Supervised knowledge makes large language models better in-context learners
Linyi Yang, Shuibai Zhang, Zhuohao Yu, Guangsheng Bao, Yidong Wang, Jindong Wang, Ruochen Xu, Wei Ye, Xing Xie, Weizhu Chen, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Evaluating large language models at evaluating instruction following
Zhiyuan Zeng, Jiatong Yu, Tianyu Gao, Yu Meng, Tanya Goyal, and Danqi Chen. 2023 · 2023
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Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt-bench and chatbot arena
Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric Xing, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Don’t make your llm an evaluation benchmark cheater
Kun Zhou, Yutao Zhu, Zhipeng Chen, Wentong Chen, Wayne Xin Zhao, Xu Chen, Yankai Lin, Ji-Rong Wen, and Jiawei Han. 2023 · 2023
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Dyval: Graph-informed dynamic evaluation of large language models
Kaijie Zhu, Jiaao Chen, Jindong Wang, Neil Zhenqiang Gong, Diyi Yang, and Xing Xie. 2023 · 2023
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