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Inspired by recent work demonstrating the promise of smaller Transformer-based language models pretrained on carefully curated data, we supercharge such approaches by investing heavily in curating a novel, high quality, non-synthetic data mixture based solely on evaluation benchmarks.
Squad: 100,000+ questions for machine comprehension of text
Pranav Rajpurkar, Jian Zhang, Konstantin Lopyrev, and Percy Liang · 2016
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Deep learning scaling is predictable, empirically
Joel Hestness, Sharan Narang, Newsha Ardalani, Gregory Diamos, Heewoo Jun, Hassan Kianinejad, Md Patwary, Mostofa Ali, Yang Yang, and Yanqi Zhou · 2017
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Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin · 2017
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord · 2018
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Can a suit of armor conduct electricity? a new dataset for open book question answering
Todor Mihaylov, Peter Clark, Tushar Khot, and Ashish Sabharwal · 2018
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Boolq: Exploring the surprising difficulty of natural yes/no questions
Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, MingWei Chang, Tom Kwiatkowski, Michael Collins, and Kristina Toutanova · 2019
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Winogrande: An adversarial winograd schema challenge at scale
Sakaguchi Keisuke, Le Ronan, Bhagavatula Chandra, and Choi Yejin · 2019
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A constructive prediction of the generalization error across scales
Jonathan S Rosenfeld, Amir Rosenfeld, Yonatan Belinkov, and Nir Shavit · 2019
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Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al · 2019
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Social iqa: Commonsense reasoning about social interactions
Maarten Sap, Hannah Rashkin, Derek Chen, Ronan Le Bras, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Hellaswag: Can a machine really finish your sentence?
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al · 2020
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Piqa: Reasoning about physical commonsense in natural language
Yonatan Bisk, Rowan Zellers, Ronan Le Bras, Jianfeng Gao, and Yejin Choi · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2020
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Scaling laws for autoregressive generative modeling
Tom Henighan, Jared Kaplan, Mor Katz, Mark Chen, Christopher Hesse, Jacob Jackson, Heewoo Jun, Tom B Brown, Prafulla Dhariwal, Scott Gray, et al · 2020
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Towards understanding grokking: An effective theory of representation learning
Ziming Liu, Ouail Kitouni, Niklas S Nolte, Eric Michaud, Max Tegmark, and Mike Williams · 2022
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Scaling laws for a multi-agent reinforcement learning model
Oren Neumann and Claudius Gros · 2022
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Grokking: Generalization beyond overfitting on small algorithmic datasets
Alethea Power, Yuri Burda, Harri Edwards, Igor Babuschkin, and Vedant Misra · 2022
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Scaling vision transformers
Xiaohua Zhai, Alexander Kolesnikov, Neil Houlsby, and Lucas Beyer · 2022
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Rohan Anil, Andrew M Dai, Orhan Firat, Melvin Johnson, Dmitry Lepikhin, Alexandre Passos, Siamak Shakeri, Emanuel Taropa, Paige Bailey, Zhifeng Chen, et al · 2023
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Jacob Austin, Augustus Odena, Maxwell Nye, Maarten Bosma, Henryk Michalewski, David Dohan, Ellen Jiang, Carrie Cai, Michael Terry, Quoc Le, et al · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, et al · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Data and parameter scaling laws for neural machine translation
Mitchell A Gordon, Kevin Duh, and Jared Kaplan · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Danny Hernandez, Jared Kaplan, Tom Henighan, and Sam McCandlish · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaling scaling laws with board games
Andy L Jones · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Hidden progress in deep learning: Sgd learns parities near the computational limit
Boaz Barak, Benjamin Edelman, Surbhi Goel, Sham Kakade, Eran Malach, and Cyril Zhang · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Unified scaling laws for routed language models
Aidan Clark, Diego De Las Casas, Aurelia Guy, Arthur Mensch, Michela Paganini, Jordan Hoffmann, Bogdan Damoc, Blake Hechtman, Trevor Cai, Sebastian Borgeaud, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Training compute-optimal large language models
Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
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Tinystories: How small can language models be and still speak coherent english?
Ronen Eldan and Yuanzhi Li · 2023
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Andrey Gromov · 2023
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Textbooks are all you need
Suriya Gunasekar, Yi Zhang, Jyoti Aneja, Caio César Teodoro Mendes, Allie Del Giorno, Sivakanth Gopi, Mojan Javaheripi, Piero Kauffmann, Gustavo de Rosa, Olli Saarikivi, Adil Salim, Shital Shah, Harkirat Singh Behl, Xin Wang, Sébastien Bubeck, Ronen Eldan, Adam Tauman Kalai, Yin Tat Lee, and Yuanzhi Li · 2023
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Textbooks are all you need ii: phi-1.5 technical report
Yuanzhi Li, Sébastien Bubeck, Ronen Eldan, Allie Del Giorno, Suriya Gunasekar, and Yin Tat Lee · 2023
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Progress measures for grokking via mechanistic interpretability
Neel Nanda, Lawrence Chan, Tom Liberum, Jess Smith, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2023
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Gpt-4 technical report
OpenAI · 2023
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Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models
Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Albert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti Bhosale, et al · 2023
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