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The latest generation of LLMs can be prompted to achieve impressive zero-shot or few-shot performance in many NLP tasks.
Language models are few-shot learners
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The use of ranks to avoid the assumption of normality implicit in the analysis of variance
Milton Friedman. 1937 · 1937
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The proof and measurement of association between two things
Charles Spearman. 1961 · 1961
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Individual comparisons by ranking methods
Frank Wilcoxon. 1992 · 1992
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Wordnet: a lexical database for english
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Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models
Andrew Gelman and Jennifer Hill. 2006 · 2006
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Learning word vectors for sentiment analysis
Andrew L. Maas, Raymond E. Daly, Peter T. Pham, Dan Huang, Andrew Y. Ng, and Christopher Potts. 2011 · 2011
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Recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank
Richard Socher, Alex Perelygin, Jean Wu, Jason Chuang, Christopher D. Manning, Andrew Ng, and Christopher Potts. 2013 · 2013
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord. 2018 · 2018
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Adversarial example generation with syntactically controlled paraphrase networks
Mohit Iyyer, John Wieting, Kevin Gimpel, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2018 · 2018
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GLUE: A multi-task benchmark and analysis platform for natural language understanding
Alex Wang, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel Bowman. 2018 · 2018
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Boolq: Exploring the surprising difficulty of natural yes/no questions
Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, Ming-Wei Chang, Tom Kwiatkowski, Michael Collins, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019 · 2019
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The advantages and challenges of" big data": Insights from the 14 billion word iweb corpus
Mark Davies and Jong-Bok Kim. 2019 · 2019
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The commitmentbank: Investigating projection in naturally occurring discourse
Marie-Catherine De Marneffe, Mandy Simons, and Judith Tonhauser. 2019 · 2019
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Superglue: A stickier benchmark for general-purpose language understanding systems
Alex Wang, Yada Pruksachatkun, Nikita Nangia, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel Bowman. 2019 · 2019
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How can we know what language models know?
Zhengbao Jiang, Frank F. Xu, Jun Araki, and Graham Neubig. 2020 · 2020
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Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J Liu. 2020 · 2020
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AutoPrompt: Eliciting Knowledge from Language Models with Automatically Generated Prompts
Taylor Shin, Yasaman Razeghi, Robert L. Logan IV, Eric Wallace, and Sameer Singh. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing
Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, Remi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, Joe Davison, Sam Shleifer, Patrick von Platen, Clara Ma, Yacine Jernite, Julien Plu, Canwen Xu, Teven Le Scao, Sylvain Gugger, Mariama Drame, Quentin Lhoest, and Alexander Rush. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Making pre-trained language models better few-shot learners
Tianyu Gao, Adam Fisch, and Danqi Chen. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Surface form competition: Why the highest probability answer isn’t always right
Ari Holtzman, Peter West, Vered Shwartz, Yejin Choi, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
It’s not just size that matters: Small language models are also few-shot learners
Timo Schick and Hinrich Schütze. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Chonghua Liao, Yanan Zheng, and Zhilin Yang. 2022 · 2022
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Cutting down on prompts and parameters: Simple few-shot learning with language models
Robert Logan IV, Ivana Balazevic, Eric Wallace, Fabio Petroni, Sameer Singh, and Sebastian Riedel. 2022 · 2022
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Fantastically ordered prompts and where to find them: Overcoming few-shot prompt order sensitivity
Yao Lu, Max Bartolo, Alastair Moore, Sebastian Riedel, and Pontus Stenetorp. 2022 · 2022
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Rethinking the role of demonstrations: What makes in-context learning work?
Sewon Min, Xinxi Lyu, Ari Holtzman, Mikel Artetxe, Mike Lewis, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2022 · 2022
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Crosslingual generalization through multitask finetuning
Niklas Muennighoff, Thomas Wang, Lintang Sutawika, Adam Roberts, Stella Biderman, Teven Le Scao, M Saiful Bari, Sheng Shen, Zheng-Xin Yong, Hailey Schoelkopf, et al. 2022 · 2022
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Finetuned language models are zero-shot learners
Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Zhao, Kelvin Guu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, Andrew M Dai, and Quoc V Le. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Calibrate before use: Improving few-shot performance of language models
Zihao Zhao, Eric Wallace, Shi Feng, Dan Klein, and Sameer Singh. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Can prompt probe pretrained language models? understanding the invisible risks from a causal view
Boxi Cao, Hongyu Lin, Xianpei Han, Fangchao Liu, and Le Sun. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
PaLM: Scaling Language Modeling with Pathways
Aakanksha Chowdhery, Sharan Narang, Jacob Devlin, Maarten Bosma, Gaurav Mishra, Adam Roberts, Paul Barham, Hyung Won Chung, Charles Sutton, Sebastian Gehrmann, Parker Schuh, Kensen Shi, Sasha Tsvyashchenko, Joshua Maynez, Abhishek Rao, Parker Barnes, Yi Tay, Noam Shazeer, Vinodkumar Prabhakaran, Emily Reif, Nan Du, Ben Hutchinson, Reiner Pope, James Bradbury, Jacob Austin, Michael Isard, Guy Gur-Ari, Pengcheng Yin, Toju Duke, Anselm Levskaya, Sanjay Ghemawat, Sunipa Dev, Henryk Michalewski, Xavier Garcia, Vedant Misra, Kevin Robinson, Liam Fedus, Denny Zhou, Daphne Ippolito, David Luan, Hyeontaek Lim, Barret Zoph, Alexander Spiridonov, Ryan Sepassi, David Dohan, Shivani Agrawal, Mark Omernick, Andrew M. Dai, Thanumalayan Sankaranarayana Pillai, Marie Pellat, Aitor Lewkowycz, Erica Moreira, Rewon Child, Oleksandr Polozov, Katherine Lee, Zongwei Zhou, Xuezhi Wang, Brennan Saeta, Mark Diaz, Orhan Firat, Michele Catasta, Jason Wei, Kathy Meier-Hellstern, Douglas Eck, Jeff Dean, Slav Petrov, and Noah Fiedel. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaling instruction-finetuned language models
Hyung Won Chung, Le Hou, Shayne Longpre, Barret Zoph, Yi Tay, William Fedus, Eric Li, Xuezhi Wang, Mostafa Dehghani, Siddhartha Brahma, et al. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Language models show human-like content effects on reasoning
Ishita Dasgupta, Andrew K. Lampinen, Stephanie C. Y. Chan, Antonia Creswell, Dharshan Kumaran, James L. McClelland, and Felix Hill. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Predictability and Surprise in Large Generative Models
Deep Ganguli, Danny Hernandez, Liane Lovitt, Amanda Askell, Yuntao Bai, Anna Chen, Tom Conerly, Nova Dassarma, Dawn Drain, Nelson Elhage, Sheer El Showk, Stanislav Fort, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Tom Henighan, Scott Johnston, Andy Jones, Nicholas Joseph, Jackson Kernian, Shauna Kravec, Ben Mann, Neel Nanda, Kamal Ndousse, Catherine Olsson, Daniela Amodei, Tom Brown, Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Christopher Olah, Dario Amodei, and Jack Clark. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
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Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher
Jack W Rae, Sebastian Borgeaud, Trevor Cai, Katie Millican, Jordan Hoffmann, Francis Song, John Aslanides, Sarah Henderson, Roman Ring, Susannah Young, Eliza Rutherford, Tom Hennigan, Jacob Menick, Albin Cassirer, Richard Powell, George Van Den Driessche, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Maribeth Rauh, Po-Sen Huang, Amelia Glaese, Johannes Welbl, Sumanth Dathathri, Saffron Huang, Jonathan Uesato, John Mellor, Irina Higgins, Antonia Creswell, Nat Mcaleese, Amy Wu, Erich Elsen, Siddhant Jayakumar, Elena Buchatskaya, David Budden, Esme Sutherland, Karen Simonyan, Michela Paganini, Laurent Sifre, Lena Martens, Lorraine Li, Adhiguna Kuncoro, Aida Nematzadeh, Elena Gribovskaya, Domenic Donato, Angeliki Lazaridou, Arthur Mensch, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Maria Tsimpoukelli, Nikolai Grigorev, Doug Fritz, Thibault Sottiaux, Mantas Pajarskas, Toby Pohlen, Zhitao Gong, Daniel Toyama, Cyprien De Masson D’autume, Yujia Li, Tayfun Terzi, Vladimir Mikulik, Igor Babuschkin, Aidan Clark, Diego De, Las Casas, Aurelia Guy, Chris Jones, James Bradbury, Matthew Johnson, Blake Hechtman, Laura Weidinger, Iason Gabriel, William Isaac, Ed Lockhart, Simon Osindero, Laura Rimell, Chris Dyer, Oriol Vinyals, Kareem Ayoub, Jeff Stanway, Lorrayne Bennett, Demis Hassabis, Koray Kavukcuoglu, and Geoffrey Irving. 2022 · 2022
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Impact of pretraining term frequencies on few-shot numerical reasoning
Yasaman Razeghi, Robert L Logan IV, Matt Gardner, and Sameer Singh. 2022 · 2022
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Multitask prompted training enables zero-shot task generalization
Victor Sanh, Albert Webson, Colin Raffel, Stephen H Bach, Lintang Sutawika, Zaid Alyafeai, Antoine Chaffin, Arnaud Stiegler, Teven Le Scao, Arun Raja, et al. 2022 · 2022
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Bloom: A 176b-parameter open-access multilingual language model
Teven Le Scao, Angela Fan, Christopher Akiki, Ellie Pavlick, Suzana Ilić, Daniel Hesslow, Roman Castagné, Alexandra Sasha Luccioni, François Yvon, Matthias Gallé, et al. 2022 · 2022
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An information-theoretic approach to prompt engineering without ground truth labels
Taylor Sorensen, Joshua Robinson, Christopher Rytting, Alexander Shaw, Kyle Rogers, Alexia Delorey, Mahmoud Khalil, Nancy Fulda, and David Wingate. 2022 · 2022
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Do prompt-based models really understand the meaning of their prompts?
Albert Webson and Ellie Pavlick. 2022 · 2022
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OPT: Open Pre-trained Transformer Language Models
Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Mikel Artetxe, Moya Chen, Shuohui Chen, Christopher Dewan, Mona Diab, Xian Li, Xi Victoria Lin, Todor Mihaylov, Myle Ott, Sam Shleifer, Kurt Shuster, Daniel Simig, Punit Singh Koura, Anjali Sridhar, Tianlu Wang, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2022 · 2022
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Least-to-most prompting enables complex reasoning in large language models
Denny Zhou, Nathanael Schärli, Le Hou, Jason Wei, Nathan Scales, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Olivier Bousquet, Quoc Le, and Ed Chi. 2022 · 2022
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Evaluating the robustness of discrete prompts
Yoichi Ishibashi, Danushka Bollegala, Katsuhito Sudoh, and Satoshi Nakamura. 2023 · 2023
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Pre-train, prompt, and predict: A systematic survey of prompting methods in natural language processing
Pengfei Liu, Weizhe Yuan, Jinlan Fu, Zhengbao Jiang, Hiroaki Hayashi, and Graham Neubig. 2023 · 2023
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On second thought, let’s not think step by step! bias and toxicity in zero-shot reasoning
Omar Shaikh, Hongxin Zhang, William Held, Michael Bernstein, and Diyi Yang. 2023 · 2023
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LLaMA: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models
Hugo Touvron, Thibaut Lavril, Gautier Izacard, Xavier Martinet, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Timothée Lacroix, Baptiste Rozière, Naman Goyal, Eric Hambro, Faisal Azhar, Aurelien Rodriguez, Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, and Guillaume Lample. 2023 · 2023
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