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It has been well established that increasing scale in deep transformer networks leads to improved quality and performance.
Adaptive mixtures of local experts
Robert A Jacobs, Michael I Jordan, Steven J Nowlan, and Geoffrey E Hinton · 1991
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Twenty years of mixture of experts
Seniha Esen Yuksel, Joseph N Wilson, and Paul D Gader · 2012
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Alex Graves, Greg Wayne, and Ivo Danihelka · 2014
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Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations
John Charles Butcher · 2016
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Hybrid computing using a neural network with dynamic external memory
Alex Graves, Greg Wayne, Malcolm Reynolds, Tim Harley, Ivo Danihelka, Agnieszka Grabska-Barwińska, Sergio Gómez Colmenarejo, Edward Grefenstette, Tiago Ramalho, John Agapiou, et al · 2016
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Squad: 100,000+ questions for machine comprehension of text
Pranav Rajpurkar, Jian Zhang, Konstantin Lopyrev, and Percy Liang · 2016
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Triviaqa: A large scale distantly supervised challenge dataset for reading comprehension
Mandar Joshi, Eunsol Choi, Daniel S Weld, and Luke Zettlemoyer · 2017
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Outrageously large neural networks: The sparsely-gated mixture-of-experts layer
Noam Shazeer, Azalia Mirhoseini, Krzysztof Maziarz, Andy Davis, Quoc Le, Geoffrey Hinton, and Jeff Dean · 2017
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Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Ł ukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin · 2017
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Adafactor: Adaptive learning rates with sublinear memory cost
Noam Shazeer and Mitchell Stern · 2018
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Glue: A multi-task benchmark and analysis platform for natural language understanding
Alex Wang, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel R Bowman · 2018
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Large memory layers with product keys
Guillaume Lample, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Marc’Aurelio Ranzato, Ludovic Denoyer, and Hervé Jégou · 2019
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Superglue: A stickier benchmark for general-purpose language understanding systems
Alex Wang, Yada Pruksachatkun, Nikita Nangia, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel Bowman · 2019
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Rethinking attention with performers
Krzysztof Choromanski, Valerii Likhosherstov, David Dohan, Xingyou Song, Andreea Gane, Tamas Sarlos, Peter Hawkins, Jared Davis, Afroz Mohiuddin, Lukasz Kaiser, et al · 2020
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Funnel-transformer: Filtering out sequential redundancy for efficient language processing
Zihang Dai, Guokun Lai, Yiming Yang, and Quoc Le · 2020
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Retrieval augmented language model pre-training
Kelvin Guu, Kenton Lee, Zora Tung, Panupong Pasupat, and Mingwei Chang · 2020
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Dynabert: Dynamic bert with adaptive width and depth
Lu Hou, Zhiqi Huang, Lifeng Shang, Xin Jiang, Xiao Chen, and Qun Liu · 2020
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei · 2020
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Reformer: The efficient transformer
Nikita Kitaev, Łukasz Kaiser, and Anselm Levskaya · 2020
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Gshard: Scaling giant models with conditional computation and automatic sharding
Dmitry Lepikhin, HyoukJoong Lee, Yuanzhong Xu, Dehao Chen, Orhan Firat, Yanping Huang, Maxim Krikun, Noam Shazeer, and Zhifeng Chen · 2020
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Lei Li, Yankai Lin, Deli Chen, Shuhuai Ren, Peng Li, Jie Zhou, and Xu Sun · 2020
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Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, Peter J Liu, et al · 2020
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How much knowledge can you pack into the parameters of a language model?
Adam Roberts, Colin Raffel, and Noam Shazeer · 2020
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Efficient transformers: A survey
Yi Tay, Mostafa Dehghani, Dara Bahri, and Donald Metzler · 2020
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Memformer: The memory-augmented transformer
Qingyang Wu, Zhenzhong Lan, Jing Gu, and Zhou Yu · 2020
Improving language models by retrieving from trillions of tokens
Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Jordan Hoffmann, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Katie Millican, George Bm Van Den Driessche, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Bogdan Damoc, Aidan Clark, et al · 2022
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Towards understanding mixture of experts in deep learning
Zixiang Chen, Yihe Deng, Yue Wu, Quanquan Gu, and Yuanzhi Li · 2022
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Palm: Scaling language modeling with pathways
Aakanksha Chowdhery, Sharan Narang, Jacob Devlin, Maarten Bosma, Gaurav Mishra, Adam Roberts, Paul Barham, Hyung Won Chung, Charles Sutton, Sebastian Gehrmann, et al · 2022
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Unified scaling laws for routed language models
Aidan Clark, Diego de Las Casas, Aurelia Guy, Arthur Mensch, Michela Paganini, Jordan Hoffmann, Bogdan Damoc, Blake Hechtman, Trevor Cai, Sebastian Borgeaud, et al · 2022
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Flashattention: Fast and memory-efficient exact attention with io-awareness
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Feature learning in infinite-width neural networks
Greg Yang and Edward J Hu · 2020
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Big bird: Transformers for longer sequences
Manzil Zaheer, Guru Guruganesh, Kumar Avinava Dubey, Joshua Ainslie, Chris Alberti, Santiago Ontanon, Philip Pham, Anirudh Ravula, Qifan Wang, Li Yang, et al · 2020
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Beyond english-centric multilingual machine translation
Angela Fan, Shruti Bhosale, Holger Schwenk, Zhiyi Ma, Ahmed El-Kishky, Siddharth Goyal, Mandeep Baines, Onur Celebi, Guillaume Wenzek, Vishrav Chaudhary, et al · 2021
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Switch transformers: Scaling to trillion parameter models with simple and efficient sparsity, 2021
William Fedus, Barret Zoph, and Noam Shazeer · 2021
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Longt5: Efficient text-to-text transformer for long sequences
Mandy Guo, Joshua Ainslie, David Uthus, Santiago Ontanon, Jianmo Ni, Yun-Hsuan Sung, and Yinfei Yang · 2021
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Dselect-k: Differentiable selection in the mixture of experts with applications to multi-task learning
Hussein Hazimeh, Zhe Zhao, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Maheswaran Sathiamoorthy, Yihua Chen, Rahul Mazumder, Lichan Hong, and Ed Chi · 2021
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Danny Hernandez, Jared Kaplan, Tom Henighan, and Sam McCandlish · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Tri Dao, Dan Fu, Stefano Ermon, Atri Rudra, and Christopher Ré · 2022
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A review of sparse expert models in deep learning
William Fedus, Jeff Dean, and Barret Zoph · 2022
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Deecap: dynamic early exiting for efficient image captioning
Zhengcong Fei, Xu Yan, Shuhui Wang, and Qi Tian · 2022
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Training compute-optimal large language models
Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, et al · 2022
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In defense of dual-encoders for neural ranking
Aditya Menon, Sadeep Jayasumana, Ankit Singh Rawat, Seungyeon Kim, Sashank Reddi, and Sanjiv Kumar · 2022
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Deepspeed-moe: Advancing mixture-of-experts inference and training to power next-generation ai scale
Samyam Rajbhandari, Conglong Li, Zhewei Yao, Minjia Zhang, Reza Yazdani Aminabadi, Ammar Ahmad Awan, Jeff Rasley, and Yuxiong He · 2022
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Scaling up models and data with t5x
Adam Roberts, Hyung Won Chung, Anselm Levskaya, Gaurav Mishra, James Bradbury, Daniel Andor, Sharan Narang, Brian Lester, Colin Gaffney, Afroz Mohiuddin, Curtis Hawthorne, Aitor Lewkowycz, Alex Salcianu, Marc van Zee, Jacob Austin, Sebastian Goodman, Livio Baldini Soares, Haitang Hu, Sasha Tsvyashchenko, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Jasmijn Bastings, Jannis Bulian, Xavier Garcia, Jianmo Ni, Andrew Chen, Kathleen Kenealy, Jonathan H. Clark, Stephan Lee, Dan Garrette, James Lee-Thorp, Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Marvin Ritter, Maarten Bosma, Alexandre Passos, Jeremy Maitin-Shepard, Noah Fiedel, Mark Omernick, Brennan Saeta, Ryan Sepassi, Alexander Spiridonov, Joshua Newlan, and Andrea Gesmundo · 2022
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Confident adaptive language modeling
Tal Schuster, Adam Fisch, Jai Gupta, Mostafa Dehghani, Dara Bahri, Vinh Q Tran, Yi Tay, and Donald Metzler · 2022
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Lemeng Wu, Mengchen Liu, Yinpeng Chen, Dongdong Chen, Xiyang Dai, and Lu Yuan · 2022
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Yuhuai Wu, Markus N Rabe, DeLesley Hutchins, and Christian Szegedy · 2022
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Zeroquant: Efficient and affordable post-training quantization for large-scale transformers
Zhewei Yao, Reza Yazdani Aminabadi, Minjia Zhang, Xiaoxia Wu, Conglong Li, and Yuxiong He · 2022
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Coca: Contrastive captioners are image-text foundation models
Jiahui Yu, Zirui Wang, Vijay Vasudevan, Legg Yeung, Mojtaba Seyedhosseini, and Yonghui Wu · 2022
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Mixture-of-experts with expert choice routing
Yanqi Zhou, Tao Lei, Hanxiao Liu, Nan Du, Yanping Huang, Vincent Zhao, Andrew Dai, Zhifeng Chen, Quoc Le, and James Laudon · 2022
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Designing effective sparse expert models
Barret Zoph, Irwan Bello, S ameer Kumar, Nan Du, Yanping Huang, Jeff Dean, Noam Shazeer, and William Fedus · 2022
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Reducing activation recomputation in large transformer models
Vijay Anand Korthikanti, Jared Casper, Sangkug Lym, Lawrence McAfee, Michael Andersch, Mohammad Shoeybi, and Bryan Catanzaro · 2023
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Deja vu: Contextual sparsity for efficient llms at inference time
Zichang Liu, Jue Wang, Tri Dao, Tianyi Zhou, Binhang Yuan, Zhao Song, Anshumali Shrivastava, Ce Zhang, Yuandong Tian, Christopher Re, et al · 2023
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