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Language Models (LMs) often cannot be deployed because of their potential to harm users in hard-to-predict ways.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Chris Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 1901
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Way off-policy batch deep reinforcement learning of implicit human preferences in dialog
Natasha Jaques, Asma Ghandeharioun, Judy Hanwen Shen, Craig Ferguson, Àgata Lapedriza, Noah Jones, Shixiang Gu, and Rosalind W. Picard. 2019 · 1907
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Say what I want: Towards the dark side of neural dialogue models
Haochen Liu, Tyler Derr, Zitao Liu, and Jiliang Tang. 2019 · 1909
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Fine-tuning language models from human preferences
Daniel M. Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B. Brown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Christiano, and Geoffrey Irving. 2019 · 1909
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Asynchronous methods for deep reinforcement learning
Volodymyr Mnih, Adria Puigdomenech Badia, Mehdi Mirza, Alex Graves, Timothy Lillicrap, Tim Harley, David Silver, and Koray Kavukcuoglu. 2016 · 1937
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Bleu: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation
Kishore Papineni, Salim Roukos, Todd Ward, and Wei-Jing Zhu. 2002 · 2002
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Chat as expected: Learning to manipulate black-box neural dialogue models
Haochen Liu, Zhiwei Wang, Tyler Derr, and Jiliang Tang. 2020b · 2005
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Universal adversarial attacks with natural triggers for text classification
Liwei Song, Xinwei Yu, Hsuan-Tung Peng, and Karthik Narasimhan. 2020 · 2005
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Re-evaluating the role of Bleu in machine translation research
Chris Callison-Burch, Miles Osborne, and Philipp Koehn. 2006 · 2006
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Privacy-preserving logistic regression
Kamalika Chaudhuri and Claire Monteleoni. 2009 · 2009
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Learning in a large function space: Privacy-preserving mechanisms for svm learning
Benjamin I. P. Rubinstein, Peter L. Bartlett, Ling Huang, and Nina Taft. 2012 · 2012
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Hacking smart machines with smarter ones: How to extract meaningful data from machine learning classifiers
Giuseppe Ateniese, Giovanni Felici, Luigi Mancini, Angelo Spognardi, Antonio Villani, and Domenico Vitali. 2013 · 2013
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Generative adversarial nets
Ian Goodfellow, Jean Pouget-Abadie, Mehdi Mirza, Bing Xu, David Warde-Farley, Sherjil Ozair, Aaron Courville, and Yoshua Bengio. 2014 · 2014
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Intriguing properties of neural networks
Christian Szegedy, Wojciech Zaremba, Ilya Sutskever, Joan Bruna, D. Erhan, Ian J. Goodfellow, and Rob Fergus. 2014 · 2014
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Explaining and harnessing adversarial examples
Ian Goodfellow, Jonathon Shlens, and Christian Szegedy. 2015 · 2015
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Deep learning with limited numerical precision
Suyog Gupta, Ankur Agrawal, Kailash Gopalakrishnan, and Pritish Narayanan. 2015 · 2015
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Adam: A method for stochastic optimization
Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba. 2015 · 2015
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Privacy-preserving deep learning
Reza Shokri and Vitaly Shmatikov. 2015 · 2015
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Deep learning with differential privacy
Martin Abadi, Andy Chu, Ian Goodfellow, H. Brendan McMahan, Ilya Mironov, Kunal Talwar, and Li Zhang. 2016 · 2016
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Concrete problems in ai safety
Dario Amodei, Chris Olah, Jacob Steinhardt, Paul Christiano, John Schulman, and Dan Mané. 2016 · 2016
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Man is to computer programmer as woman is to homemaker? debiasing word embeddings
Tolga Bolukbasi, Kai-Wei Chang, James Y Zou, Venkatesh Saligrama, and Adam T Kalai. 2016 · 2016
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Learning from tay’s introduction
Peter Lee. 2016 · 2016
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How NOT to evaluate your dialogue system: An empirical study of unsupervised evaluation metrics for dialogue response generation
Chia-Wei Liu, Ryan Lowe, Iulian Serban, Mike Noseworthy, Laurent Charlin, and Joelle Pineau. 2016 · 2016
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Learning functions across many orders of magnitudes
Hado van Hasselt, Arthur Guez, Matteo Hessel, and David Silver. 2016 · 2016
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Deceiving google’s perspective API built for detecting toxic comments
Hossein Hosseini, Sreeram Kannan, Baosen Zhang, and Radha Poovendran. 2017 · 2017
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Sequence tutor: Conservative fine-tuning of sequence generation models with KL-control
Natasha Jaques, Shixiang Gu, Dzmitry Bahdanau, José Miguel Hernández-Lobato, Richard E. Turner, and Douglas Eck. 2017 · 2017
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Bag of tricks for efficient text classification
Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, Piotr Bojanowski, and Tomas Mikolov. 2017 · 2017
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Delving into transferable adversarial examples and black-box attacks
Yanpei Liu, Xinyun Chen, Chang Liu, and Dawn Song. 2017 · 2017
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Membership inference attacks against machine learning models
Reza Shokri, Marco Stronati, Congzheng Song, and Vitaly Shmatikov. 2017 · 2017
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Measuring and mitigating unintended bias in text classification
Lucas Dixon, John Li, Jeffrey Sorensen, Nithum Thain, and Lucy Vasserman. 2018 · 2018
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HotFlip: White-box adversarial examples for text classification
Javid Ebrahimi, Anyi Rao, Daniel Lowd, and Dejing Dou. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Ethical challenges in data-driven dialogue systems
Peter Henderson, Koustuv Sinha, Nicolas Angelard-Gontier, Nan Rosemary Ke, Genevieve Fried, Ryan Lowe, and Joelle Pineau. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Kickstarting deep reinforcement learning
Simon Schmitt, Jonathan J. Hudson, Augustin Zídek, Simon Osindero, Carl Doersch, Wojciech M. Czarnecki, Joel Z. Leibo, Heinrich Küttler, Andrew Zisserman, Karen Simonyan, and S. M. Ali Eslami. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Adafactor: Adaptive learning rates with sublinear memory cost
Noam Shazeer and Mitchell Stern. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Beyond accuracy: Behavioral testing of NLP models with CheckList
Marco Tulio Ribeiro, Tongshuang Wu, Carlos Guestrin, and Sameer Singh. 2020 · 2020
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Finding and visualizing weaknesses of deep reinforcement learning agents
Christian Rupprecht, Cyril Ibrahim, and Christopher J. Pal. 2020 · 2020
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Hierarchical reinforcement learning for open-domain dialog
Abdelrhman Saleh, Natasha Jaques, Asma Ghandeharioun, Judy Shen, and Rosalind Picard. 2020 · 2020
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Learning to summarize with human feedback
Nisan Stiennon, Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Daniel Ziegler, Ryan Lowe, Chelsea Voss, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, and Paul F Christiano. 2020 · 2020
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Neural text generation with unlikelihood training
Sean Welleck, Ilia Kulikov, Stephen Roller, Emily Dinan, Kyunghyun Cho, and Jason Weston. 2020 · 2020
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Adversarial attacks and defenses in images, graphs and text: A review
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Generating informative and diverse conversational responses via adversarial information maximization
Yizhe Zhang, Michel Galley, Jianfeng Gao, Zhe Gan, Xiujun Li, Chris Brockett, and Bill Dolan. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Generating Natural Adversarial Examples
Zhengli Zhao, Dheeru Dua, and Sameer Singh. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Texygen: A benchmarking platform for text generation models
Yaoming Zhu, Sidi Lu, Lei Zheng, Jiaxian Guo, Weinan Zhang, Jun Wang, and Yong Yu. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Universal adversarial attacks on text classifiers
Melika Behjati, Seyed-Mohsen Moosavi-Dezfooli, Mahdieh Soleymani Baghshah, and Pascal Frossard. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
The secret sharer: Evaluating and testing unintended memorization in neural networks
Nicholas Carlini, Chang Liu, Úlfar Erlingsson, Jernej Kos, and Dawn Song. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Gmail smart compose: Real-time assisted writing
Mia Xu Chen, Benjamin N. Lee, Gagan Bansal, Yuan Cao, Shuyuan Zhang, Justin Lu, Jackie Tsay, Yinan Wang, Andrew M. Dai, Zhifeng Chen, Timothy Sohn, and Yonghui Wu. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Training language gans from scratch
Cyprien de Masson d’Autume, Shakir Mohamed, Mihaela Rosca, and Jack Rae. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Han Xu, Yao Ma, Haochen Liu, Debayan Deb, H. S. Liu, Jiliang Tang, and Anil K. Jain. 2020 · 2020
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A general language assistant as a laboratory for alignment
Amanda Askell, Yuntao Bai, Anna Chen, Dawn Drain, Deep Ganguli, Tom Henighan, Andy Jones, Nicholas Joseph, Ben Mann, Nova DasSarma, Nelson Elhage, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Danny Hernandez, Jackson Kernion, Kamal Ndousse, Catherine Olsson, Dario Amodei, Tom Brown, Jack Clark, Sam McCandlish, Chris Olah, and Jared Kaplan. 2021 · 2021
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On the opportunities and risks of foundation models
Rishi Bommasani, Drew A. Hudson, Ehsan Adeli, Russ Altman, Simran Arora, Sydney von Arx, Michael S. Bernstein, Jeannette Bohg, Antoine Bosselut, Emma Brunskill, Erik Brynjolfsson, Shyamal Buch, Dallas Card, Rodrigo Castellon, Niladri Chatterji, Annie Chen, Kathleen Creel, Jared Quincy Davis, Dora Demszky, Chris Donahue, Moussa Doumbouya, Esin Durmus, Stefano Ermon, John Etchemendy, Kawin Ethayarajh, Li Fei-Fei, Chelsea Finn, Trevor Gale, Lauren Gillespie, Karan Goel, Noah Goodman, Shelby Grossman, Neel Guha, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Peter Henderson, John Hewitt, Daniel E. Ho, Jenny Hong, Kyle Hsu, Jing Huang, Thomas Icard, Saahil Jain, Dan Jurafsky, Pratyusha Kalluri, Siddharth Karamcheti, Geoff Keeling, Fereshte Khani, Omar Khattab, Pang Wei Koh, Mark Krass, Ranjay Krishna, Rohith Kuditipudi, Ananya Kumar, Faisal Ladhak, Mina Lee, Tony Lee, Jure Leskovec, Isabelle Levent, Xiang Lisa Li, Xuechen Li, Tengyu Ma, Ali Malik, Christopher D. Manning, Suvir Mirchandani, Eric Mitchell, Zanele Munyikwa, Suraj Nair, Avanika Narayan, Deepak Narayanan, Ben Newman, Allen Nie, Juan Carlos Niebles, Hamed Nilforoshan, Julian Nyarko, Giray Ogut, Laurel Orr, Isabel Papadimitriou, Joon Sung Park, Chris Piech, Eva Portelance, Christopher Potts, Aditi Raghunathan, Rob Reich, Hongyu Ren, Frieda Rong, Yusuf Roohani, Camilo Ruiz, Jack Ryan, Christopher Ré, Dorsa Sadigh, Shiori Sagawa, Keshav Santhanam, Andy Shih, Krishnan Srinivasan, Alex Tamkin, Rohan Taori, Armin W. Thomas, Florian Tramèr, Rose E. Wang, William Wang, Bohan Wu, Jiajun Wu, Yuhuai Wu, Sang Michael Xie, Michihiro Yasunaga, Jiaxuan You, Matei Zaharia, Michael Zhang, Tianyi Zhang, Xikun Zhang, Yuhui Zhang, Lucia Zheng, Kaitlyn Zhou, and Percy Liang. 2021 · 2021
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Extracting training data from large language models
Nicholas Carlini, Florian Tramer, Eric Wallace, Matthew Jagielski, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Katherine Lee, Adam Roberts, Tom Brown, Dawn Song, Ulfar Erlingsson, Alina Oprea, and Colin Raffel. 2021 · 2021
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Evaluating large language models trained on code
Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde de Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, Harri Edwards, Yuri Burda, Nicholas Joseph, Greg Brockman, Alex Ray, Raul Puri, Gretchen Krueger, Michael Petrov, Heidy Khlaaf, Girish Sastry, Pamela Mishkin, Brooke Chan, Scott Gray, Nick Ryder, Mikhail Pavlov, Alethea Power, Lukasz Kaiser, Mohammad Bavarian, Clemens Winter, Philippe Tillet, Felipe Petroski Such, Dave Cummings, Matthias Plappert, Fotios Chantzis, Elizabeth Barnes, Ariel Herbert-Voss, William Hebgen Guss, Alex Nichol, Alex Paino, Nikolas Tezak, Jie Tang, Igor Babuschkin, Suchir Balaji, Shantanu Jain, William Saunders, Christopher Hesse, Andrew N. Carr, Jan Leike, Josh Achiam, Vedant Misra, Evan Morikawa, Alec Radford, Matthew Knight, Miles Brundage, Mira Murati, Katie Mayer, Peter Welinder, Bob McGrew, Dario Amodei, Sam McCandlish, Ilya Sutskever, and Wojciech Zaremba. 2021 · 2021
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Bold: Dataset and metrics for measuring biases in open-ended language generation
Jwala Dhamala, Tony Sun, Varun Kumar, Satyapriya Krishna, Yada Pruksachatkun, Kai-Wei Chang, and Rahul Gupta. 2021 · 2021
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Multimodal neurons in artificial neural networks
Gabriel Goh, Nick Cammarata †, Chelsea Voss †, Shan Carter, Michael Petrov, Ludwig Schubert, Alec Radford, and Chris Olah. 2021 · 2021
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Unsolved problems in ML safety
Dan Hendrycks, Nicholas Carlini, John Schulman, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2021 · 2021
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Delphi: Towards machine ethics and norms
Liwei Jiang, Jena D. Hwang, Chandra Bhagavatula, Ronan Le Bras, Maxwell Forbes, Jon Borchardt, Jenny Liang, Oren Etzioni, Maarten Sap, and Yejin Choi. 2021 · 2021
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Truthfulqa: Measuring how models mimic human falsehoods
Stephanie Lin, Jacob Hilton, and Owain Evans. 2021 · 2021
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True few-shot learning with language models
Ethan Perez, Douwe Kiela, and Kyunghyun Cho. 2021 · 2021
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Scaling language models: Methods, analysis & insights from training gopher
Jack W. Rae, Sebastian Borgeaud, Trevor Cai, Katie Millican, Jordan Hoffmann, Francis Song, John Aslanides, Sarah Henderson, Roman Ring, Susannah Young, Eliza Rutherford, Tom Hennigan, Jacob Menick, Albin Cassirer, Richard Powell, George van den Driessche, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Maribeth Rauh, Po-Sen Huang, Amelia Glaese, Johannes Welbl, Sumanth Dathathri, Saffron Huang, Jonathan Uesato, John Mellor, Irina Higgins, Antonia Creswell, Nat McAleese, Amy Wu, Erich Elsen, Siddhant Jayakumar, Elena Buchatskaya, David Budden, Esme Sutherland, Karen Simonyan, Michela Paganini, Laurent Sifre, Lena Martens, Xiang Lorraine Li, Adhiguna Kuncoro, Aida Nematzadeh, Elena Gribovskaya, Domenic Donato, Angeliki Lazaridou, Arthur Mensch, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Maria Tsimpoukelli, Nikolai Grigorev, Doug Fritz, Thibault Sottiaux, Mantas Pajarskas, Toby Pohlen, Zhitao Gong, Daniel Toyama, Cyprien de Masson d’Autume, Yujia Li, Tayfun Terzi, Vladimir Mikulik, Igor Babuschkin, Aidan Clark, Diego de Las Casas, Aurelia Guy, Chris Jones, James Bradbury, Matthew Johnson, Blake Hechtman, Laura Weidinger, Iason Gabriel, William Isaac, Ed Lockhart, Simon Osindero, Laura Rimell, Chris Dyer, Oriol Vinyals, Kareem Ayoub, Jeff Stanway, Lorrayne Bennett, Demis Hassabis, Koray Kavukcuoglu, and Geoffrey Irving. 2021 · 2021
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Tailor: Generating and perturbing text with semantic controls
Alexis Ross, Tongshuang Wu, Hao Peng, Matthew E. Peters, and Matt Gardner. 2021 · 2021
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HateCheck: Functional tests for hate speech detection models
Paul Röttger, Bertie Vidgen, Dong Nguyen, Zeerak Waseem, Helen Margetts, and Janet Pierrehumbert. 2021 · 2021
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Process for adapting language models to society (palms) with values-targeted datasets
Irene Solaiman and Christy Dennison. 2021 · 2021
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Analyzing dynamic adversarial training data in the limit
Eric Wallace, Adina Williams, Robin Jia, and Douwe Kiela. 2021 · 2021
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Finetuned language models are zero-shot learners
Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin Guu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, Andrew M Dai, and Quoc V Le. 2021 · 2021
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Ethical and social risks of harm from language models
Laura Weidinger, John Mellor, Maribeth Rauh, Conor Griffin, Jonathan Uesato, Po-Sen Huang, Myra Cheng, Mia Glaese, Borja Balle, Atoosa Kasirzadeh, Zac Kenton, Sasha Brown, Will Hawkins, Tom Stepleton, Courtney Biles, Abeba Birhane, Julia Haas, Laura Rimell, Lisa Anne Hendricks, William Isaac, Sean Legassick, Geoffrey Irving, and Iason Gabriel. 2021 · 2021
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Challenges in detoxifying language models
Johannes Welbl, Amelia Glaese, Jonathan Uesato, Sumanth Dathathri, John Mellor, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Kirsty Anderson, Pushmeet Kohli, Ben Coppin, and Po-Sen Huang. 2021 · 2021
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Bot-adversarial dialogue for safe conversational agents
Jing Xu, Da Ju, Margaret Li, Y-Lan Boureau, Jason Weston, and Emily Dinan. 2021b · 2021
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Automatically exposing problems with neural dialog models
Dian Yu and Kenji Sagae. 2021 · 2021
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Adversarial examples for evaluating reading comprehension systems
Robin Jia and Percy Liang. 2017 · 2031
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Negative training for neural dialogue response generation
Tianxing He and James Glass. 2020 · 2058
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