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In this report we review the important progress made in recent years towards understanding the experimental data on ultra-high-energy ($E \gtrsim 10^9$ GeV) cosmic rays.
1909
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V. F. Hess, Über Beobachtungen der durchdringenden Strahlung bei sieben Freiballonfahrten [Observation of penetrating radiation in seven free balloon flights]
1912
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1913
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1920
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G. Lemaitre and M. S. Vallarta, On Compton’s latitude effect of cosmic radiation
1933
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W. F. G. Swann, Application of Liouville’s theorem to electron orbits in the Earth’s magnetic field
1933
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W. F. G. Swann, A mechanism of acquirement of cosmic ray energies by electrons
1933
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H. Bethe and W. Heitler, On the stopping of fast particles and on the creation of positive electrons
1934
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A. H. Compton and I. A. Getting, An apparent effect of Galactic rotation on the intensity of cosmic rays
1935
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P. Auger, R. Maze and T. Grivet-Mayer, Grandes gerbes cosmiques atmosphériques contenant des corpuscules ultrapénétrants [Extensive cosmic showers in the atmosphere containing ultra-penetrating particles]
1938
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S. S. Wilks, The large-sample distribution of the likelihood ratio for testing composite hypotheses
1938
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P. Auger, P. Ehrenfest, R. Maze, J. Daudin and R. A. Fréon, Extensive cosmic ray showers
1939
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A. N. Kolmogorov, The local structure of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds numbers
1941
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B. Rossi and K. Greisen, Cosmic-ray theory
1941
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W. Heitler. The Quantum Theory of Radiation
1944
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E. Fermi, On the origin of the cosmic radiation
1949
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B. Rossi, High Energy Particles
1952
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L. D. Landau and I. Pomeranchuk, Limits of applicability of the theory of Bremsstrahlung electrons and pair production at high-energies
1953
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R. A. Fisher, Dispersion on a sphere
1953
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E. Fermi, Galactic magnetic fields and the origin of cosmic radiation
1954
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D. J. Fixsen, The temperature of the cosmic microwave background
1955
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C. Patterson, G. Tilton, and M. Inghram, Age of the Earth
1955
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A. B. Migdal, Bremsstrahlung and pair production in condensed media at high-energies
1956
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G. W. Clark, J. Earl, W. L. Kraushaar, J. Linsley, B. B. Rossi, F. Scherb and D. W. Scott, Cosmic-ray air showers at sea level
1961
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B. Peters, Primary cosmic radiation and extensive air showers
1961
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M. Froissart, Asymptotic behavior and subtractions in the Mandelstam representation
1961
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A. I. Nikishov, Absorption of high-energy photons in the Universe
1962
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J. Linsley, Evidence for a primary cosmic-ray particle with energy 10 20 eV 10^{20}~{\rm eV}
1963
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E. Hayward, Photodisintegration of light nuclei
1963
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A. A. Penzias and R. W. Wilson, A measurement of excess antenna temperature at 4080-Mc/s
1965
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M. Danos and E. G. Fuller, Photonuclear reactions
1965
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K. Greisen, End to the cosmic ray spectrum?
1966
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G. T. Zatsepin and V. A. Kuzmin, Upper limit of the spectrum of cosmic rays
1966
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R. Gould and G. Schreder, Opacity of the Universe to high-energy photons
1966
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L. B. Rédei, Possible experimental test of the existence of a universal length
1966
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M. Hillas, The energy spectrum of cosmic rays in an evolving universe
1967
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R. J. Gould and G. P. Schreder, Opacity of the Universe to high-energy photons
1967
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L. B. Rédei, Validity of Special Relativity at small distances and the velocity dependence of the muon lifetime
1967
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L. J. Gleeson and W. I. Axford, Solar modulation of Galactic cosmic rays
1968
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F. W. Stecker, Effect of photomeson production by the universal radiation field on high-energy cosmic rays
1968
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F. W. Stecker, Photodisintegration of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays by the universal radiation field
1969
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J. E. Gunn and J. P. Ostriker, Acceleration of high-energy cosmic rays by pulsars
1969
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P. Goldreich and W. H. Julian, Pulsar electrodynamics
1969
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V. S. Berezinsky and G. T. Zatsepin, Cosmic rays at ultrahigh-energies (neutrino?)
1969
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F. W. Stecker, The cosmic gamma-ray spectrum from secondary-particle production in the metagalaxy
1969
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G. R. Blumenthal, Energy loss of high-energy cosmic rays in pair-producing collisions with ambient photons
1970
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M. Abramowitz, I. A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions
1970
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G. G. Fazio and F. W. Stecker, Predicted high energy break in the isotropic gamma-ray spectrum: A test of cosmological origin
1970
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R. J. Glauber and G. Matthiae, High-energy scattering of protons by nuclei
1970
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J. R. Jokipii, Propagation of cosmic rays in the solar wind
1971
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T. A. Armstrong et al
1972
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V. N. Gribov and L. N. Lipatov, Deep inelastic e p ep scattering in perturbation theory
1972
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D. Cline, F. Halzen and J. Luthe, High transverse momentum secondaries and rising total cross-sections in cosmic ray interactions
1973
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J. Dias De Deus, Geometric scaling, multiplicity distributions and cross-sections
1973
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E. Juliusson, Charge composition and energy spectra of cosmic-ray nuclei at energies above 20 GeV per nucleon
1974
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B. L. Fannaroff and J. M. Riley, The morphology of extragalactic radio sources of high and low luminosity
1974
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R. D. Blandford and M. J. Rees, A ‘twin-exhaust’ model for double radio sources
1974
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S. D. Ellis and M. B. Kislinger, Implications of parton model concepts for large transverse momentum production of hadrons
1974
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1975
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J. Linsley, Fluctuation effects on directional data
1975
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J. S. Scott and R. A. Chevalier, Cosmic-ray production in the Cassiopeia A supernova remnant
1975
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M. A. Ruderman and P. G. Sutherland, Theory of pulsars: Polar caps, sparks, and coherent microwave radiation
1975
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J. E. Grindlay, H. F. Helmken, R. H. Brown, J. Davis, and L. R. Allen, Evidence for the detection of gamma rays from Centaurus A at E γ ≥ 3 × 10 11 E_{\gamma}\geq 3\times 10^{11} eV
1975
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F. Halzen, High transverse momentum secondaries In cosmic ray interactions up to 10,000,000 GeV 10,000,000~{\rm GeV}
1975
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R. A. Nam, S. I. Nikolsky, V. P. Pavlyuchenko, A. P. Chubenko and V. I. Yakovlev, Investigation of nucleon-nuclei of air cross-section at energy greater than 10 TeV
1975
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J. L. Puget, F. W. Stecker and J. H. Bredekamp, Photonuclear interactions of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays and their astrophysical consequences
1976
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R. V. E. Lovelace, Dynamo model of double radio sources
1976
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R. D. Blandford and R. L. Znajek, Electromagnetic extractions of energy from Kerr black holes
1977
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G. F. Krymskii, A regular mechanism for the acceleration of charged particles on the front of a shock wave
1977
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W. I. Axford, E. Leer, and G. Skadron The acceleration of cosmic rays by shock waves
1977
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S. Michalowski, D. Andrews, J. Eickmeyer, T. Gentile, N. B. Mistry, R. Talman and K. Ueno, Experimental study of nuclear shadowing in photoproduction
1977
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Y. L. Dokshitzer, Calculation of the structure functions for deep inelastic scattering and e + e − e^{+}e^{-} annihilation by perturbation theory in quantum chromodynamics
1977
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G. Altarelli and G. Parisi, Asymptotic freedom in parton language
1977
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Y. S. Tsai, Pair production and bremsstrahlung of charged leptons
1977
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J. Linsley, Structure of large air showers at depth 834 g/cm 2 : Applications
1977
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R. L. Znajek The electric and magnetic conductivity of a Kerr hole
1978
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R. A. Chevalier, W. R. Oegerle and J. S. Scott, Further studies of particle acceleration in Cassiopeia A
1978
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A. R. Bell, The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts I
1978
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A. R. Bell, The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts II
1978
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R. D. Blandford and J. P. Ostriker, Particle acceleration by astrophysical shocks
1978
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G. B. Rybicki and A. P. Lightman, Radiative Processes in Astrophysics
1979
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R. A. Chevalier, J. W. Robertson, and J. S. Scott Cosmic ray acceleration and the radio evolution of Cassiopeia A
1979
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R. D. Blandford and A. Konigl, Relativistic jets as compact radio sources
1979
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F. W. Stecker, Diffuse fluxes of cosmic high-energy neutrinos
1979
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T. J. L. Mccomb, R. J. Protheroe and K. E. Turver, Photoproduction in Large cosmic ray showers
1979
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Y. P. Ochelkov and V. V. Usov, Curvature radiation of relativistic particles in the magnetosphere of pulsars
1980
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G. H. Rieke, M. J. Lebofsky, R. I. Thompson, F. J. Low and A. T. Tokunaga, The nature of the nuclear sources in M82 and NGC 253
1980
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U. Amaldi and K. R. Schubert, Impact parameter interpretation of proton proton scattering from a critical review of all ISR data
1980
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J. Linsley and A. A. Watson, Validity of scaling to 10 20 eV 10^{20}~{\rm eV} and high-energy cosmic ray composition
1981
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R. C. Weast, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
1981
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T. Stanev, C. Vankov, R. E. Streitmatter, R. W. Ellsworth and T. Bowen, Development of ultra-high-energy electromagnetic cascades in water and lead including the Landau-Pomeranchuk-Migdal effect
1982
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T. J. Weiler, Resonant absorption of cosmic ray neutrinos by the relic neutrino background
1982
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T.-P. Li and Y.-Q. Ma, Analysis methods for results in gamma-ray astronomy
1983
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R. J. Protheroe and D. Kazanas, On the origin of relativistic particles and gamma-rays in quasars
1983
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V. S. Berezinsky, Acceleration to ultra high energies in magnetospheres of young pulsars
1983
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P. O. Lagage and C. J. Cesarsky, The maximum energy of cosmic rays accelerated by supernova shocks
1983
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L. O. Drury, An introduction to the theory of diffusive shock acceleration of energetic particles in tenuous plasmas
1983
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J. O. Burns, E. D. Feigelson, and E. J. Schreier, The inner radio structure of Centaurus A: clues to the origin of the jet X-ray emission
1983
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C. T. Hill and D. N. Schramm, Ultra-high-energy cosmic ray neutrinos
1983
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R. Castaldi and G. Sanguinetti, Elastic scattering and total cross-section at very high-energies
1983
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C. T. Hill, Monopolonium
1983
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A. M. Hillas, The origin of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays
1984
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R. Cowsik and S. Sarkar, The evolution of supernova remnants as radio sources
1984
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M. C. Begelman, R. D. Blandford and M. J. Rees, Theory of extragalactic radio sources
1984
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G. Pancheri and C. Rubbia, Events of very high-energy density at the CERN S p p ¯ p\bar{p} S Collider
1984
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R. M. Baltrusaitis et al
1984
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R. M. Baltrusaitis et al
1985
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J. R. Jokipii and G. Morfill, On the origin of high-energy cosmic rays
1985
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C. T. Hill and D. N. Schramm, The ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray spectrum
1985
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R. A. Chevalier and A. W. Clegg, Wind from a starburst galaxy nucleus
1985
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T. K. Gaisser and F. Halzen, Soft hard scattering in the TeV range
1985
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J. Dias de Deus, Semihard physics at the SPS p p ¯ p\bar{p} Colliders?
1985
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G. Pancheri and Y. Srivastava, Jets in minimum bias physics
1985
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M. M. Block and R. N. Cahn, High-energy p p ¯ p\bar{p} and p p pp forward elastic scattering and total cross-sections
1985
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P. L’Heureux, B. Margolis and P. Valin, Quark-gluon model for diffraction at high-energies
1985
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D. Kazanas and D. C. Ellison, The central engine of quasars and AGNs: hadronic interactions of shock accelerated relativistic protons
1986
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J. H. Krolik and M. C. Begelman, An X-ray heated wind in NGC 1068
1986
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G. Pancheri and Y. N. Srivastava, Low p T p_{T} jets and the rise with energy of the inelastic cross-section
1986
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E. M. Chudnovsky, G. B. Field, D. N. Spergel and A. Vilenkin, Superconducting cosmic strings
1986
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J. R. Jokipii and G. Morfill, Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays in a Galactic wind and its termination shock
1987
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P. L. Biermann and P. A. Strittmatter, Synchrotron emission from shock waves in active galactic nuclei
1987
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R. Blandford and D. Eichler, Particle acceleration at astrophysical shocks: A theory of cosmic ray origin
1987
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J. R. Jokipii, Rate of energy gain and maximum energy in diffusive shock acceleration
1987
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V. S. Berezinsky and S. I. Grigoreva, The hump in the ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray spectrum
1987
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J. Dias de Deus and J. Kwiecinski, Semihard QCD: minijets and elastic scattering
1987
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L. Durand and H. Pi, QCD and rising cross sections
1987
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C. T. Hill, D. N. Schramm and T. P. Walker, Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from superconducting cosmic strings
1987
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V. S. Berezinsky and S. I. Grigor’eva, A bump In the ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray spectrum
1988
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L. Durand and H. Pi, High-energy nucleon nucleus scattering and cosmic ray cross-sections
1988
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T. Sjostrand, Status of fragmentation models
1988
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K. P. Wenzel, Charged particle acceleration processes in the interplanetary medium
1989
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F. W. Stecker, Extragalactic radiation and the ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray spectrum
1989
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T. K. Gaisser and T. Stanev, Minijets in minimum bias events
1989
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P. Bhattacharjee, Cosmic strings and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays
1989
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J. J. Engelmann, P. Ferrando, A. Soutoul, P. Goret and E. Juliusson, Charge composition and energy spectra of cosmic-ray for elements from Be to NI: Results from HEAO-3-C2
1990
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S. P. Swordy, D. Mueller, P. Meyer, J. L’Heureux, J. M. Grunsfeld, Relative abundances of secondary and primary cosmic rays at high energies
1990
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T. K. Gaisser, Cosmic rays and particle physics
1990
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T. M. Heckman, L. Armus and G. K. Miley, On the nature and implications of starburst-driven galactic superwinds
1990
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M. T. Ressell and M. S. Turner, The grand unified photon spectrum: a coherent view of the diffuse extragalactic background radiation
1990
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M. N. Dyakonov et al
1990
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P. Bhattacharjee and N. C. Rana, Ultra-high-energy particle flux from cosmic strings
1990
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J. R. Ellis, J. L. Lopez and D. V. Nanopoulos, Confinement of fractional charges yields integer charged relics in string models
1990
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D. Mueller, S. P. Swordy, P. Meyer, J. L’Heureux, J. M. Grunsfeld, Energy spectra and composition of primary cosmic rays
1991
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J. Kwiecinski and A. D. Martin, Semihard QCD expectations for p p ¯ p\bar{p} scattering at CERN, Tevatron and SSC colliders
1991
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R. J. Protheroe and A. P. Szabo, High-energy cosmic rays from active galactic nuclei
1992
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I. Golyak, A connection of inelasticity with multiplicity distribution at high-energies
1992
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M. J. Chodorowski, A. A. Zdziarski, and M. Sikora, Reaction rate and energy-loss rate for photopair production by relativistic nuclei
1992
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J. Engel, T. K. Gaisser, T. Stanev and P. Lipari, Nucleus-nucleus collisions and interpretation of cosmic ray cascades
1992
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P. Bhattacharjee, C. T. Hill and D. N. Schramm, Grand unified theories, topological defects and ultra-high-energy cosmic rays
1992
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F. A. Aharonian, P. Bhattacharjee and D. N. Schramm, Photon/proton ratio as a diagnostic tool for topological defects as the sources of extremely high-energy cosmic rays
1992
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A. Kogut et al
1993
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J. P. Rachen and P. L. Biermann, Extragalactic ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays I: Contribution from hot spots in FR-II radio galaxies
1993
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K. Mannheim, The proton blazar
1993
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S. Karakula and W. Tkaczyk, The formation of the cosmic ray energy spectrum by a photon field
1993
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N. Junkes, R. F. Haynes, J. I. Harnett, and D. L. Jauncey, Radio polarization surveys of Centaurus A (NGC 5128) I:The complete radio source at 6.3 cm
1993
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G. A. Luppino and J. L. Tonry Infrared surface brightness fluctuations: K ′ K^{\prime} -band observations of M32, M32, and Maffei 1
1993
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J. N. Bregman, C. V. Cox, and K. Tomisaka, X-ray emission from the starburst galaxy IC 342
1993
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M. Honda et al
1993
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P. P. Kronberg, Extragalactic magnetic fields
1994
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O. C. de Jager, Evidence for particle acceleration in a magnetized white dwarf from radio and gamma-ray observations
1994
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L. O. Drury, Acceleration of cosmic rays
1994
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F. A. Aharonian and J. W. Cronin, Influence of the universal microwave background radiation on the extragalactic cosmic ray spectrum
1994
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L. Montanet et al
1994
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R. Beck, C. L. Carilli, M. A. Holdaway, and U. Klein, Multifrequency observations of the radio continuum emission from NGC 253 I: Magnetic fields and rotation measures in the bar and halo
1994
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A. P. Szabo and R. J. Protheroe, Implications of particle acceleration in active galactic nuclei for cosmic rays and high-energy neutrino astronomy
1994
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A. Capella, U. Sukhatme, C. I. Tan and J. Tran Thanh Van, Dual parton model
1994
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R. S. Fletcher, T. K. Gaisser, P. Lipari and T. Stanev, SIBYLL: An Event generator for simulation of high-energy cosmic ray cascades
1994
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H. H. Mielke, M. Foeller, J. Engler and J. Knapp, Cosmic ray hadron flux at sea level up to 15 TeV
1994
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E. Waxman, Cosmological gamma-ray bursts and the highest energy cosmic rays
1995
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M. Vietri, On the acceleration of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays in gamma-ray bursts
1995
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C. A. Norman, D. B. Melrose, and A. Achterberg, The origin of cosmic rays above 10 18.5 eV 10^{18.5}~{\rm eV}
1995
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M. Krismer, R. B. Tully, and I. Gioia, IC 342/Maffei group of galaxies and distances for two of its members
1995
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E. Waxman, Cosmological origin for cosmic rays above 10 19 eV 10^{19}~{\rm eV}
1995
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J. G. Learned and S. Pakvasa, Detecting tau-neutrino oscillations at PeV energies
1995
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P. Bhattacharjee and G. Sigl, Monopole annihilation and highest energy cosmic rays
1995
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G. Sigl, K. Jedamzik, D. N. Schramm and V. S. Berezinsky, Helium photodisintegration and nucleosynthesis: Implications for topological defects, high-energy cosmic rays, and massive black holes
1995
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P. Gondolo, G. Ingelman and M. Thunman, Charm production and high-energy atmospheric muon and neutrino fluxes
1996
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G. E. Romero, J. A. Combi, L. A. Anchordoqui and S. E. Perez Bergliaffa, A possible source of extragalactic cosmic rays with arrival energies beyond the GZK cutoff
1996
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E. Waxman and J. Miralda-Escude, Images of bursting sources of high-energy cosmic rays I: Effects of magnetic fields
1996
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E. J. M. Colbert, S. A. Baum, J. F. Gallimore, C. P. O’Dea, M. D. Lehnert, Z. I. Tsvetanov, J. S. Mulchaey and S. Caganoff, Large scale outflows in edge-on seyfert galaxies I: optical emission- line imaging and optical spectroscopy
1996
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T. K. Gaisser, F. Halzen and T. Stanev, Particle astrophysics with high-energy neutrinos
1996
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R. J. Protheroe and P. A. Johnson, Are topological defects responsible for the 300-EeV cosmic rays?
1996
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H. Kang, J. P. Rachen and P. L. Biermann, Contributions to the cosmic ray flux above the ankle: clusters of galaxies
1997
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L. A. Anchordoqui, M. T. Dova, L. N. Epele and J. D. Swain, Opacity of the microwave background radiation to ultra-high-energy cosmic rays
1997
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L. A. Anchordoqui, M. T. Dova, L. N. Epele and J. D. Swain, Effect of the 3-K background radiation on ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays
1997
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S. Lípari, Z. Tsvetanov, and F. Macchetto Luminous ifrared galaxies II – NGC 4945: A nearby obscured starburst/seyfert nucleus
1997
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S. Veilleux and J. Bland-Hawthorn, Artillery shells over Circinus
1997
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G. M. Frichter, T. K. Gaisser and T. Stanev, Inelasticity in p p -nucleus collisions and its application to high-energy cosmic ray cascades
1997
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N. N. Kalmykov, S. S. Ostapchenko and A. I. Pavlov, Quark-gluon string model and EAS simulation problems at ultra-high energies
1997
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V. Berezinsky, X. Martin and A. Vilenkin, High energy particles from monopoles connected by strings
1997
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V. Berezinsky and A. Vilenkin, Cosmic necklaces and ultrahigh energy cosmic rays
1997
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V. Berezinsky, M. Kachelriess and A. Vilenkin, Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays without GZK cutoff
1997
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G. Sigl, S. Lee, D. N. Schramm and P. Coppi, Cosmological neutrino signatures for grand unification scale physics
1997
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R. J. Protheroe and T. Stanev, Limits on models of the ultrahigh energy cosmic rays based on topological defects
1997
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L. Anchordoqui, M. T. Dova, D. Gomez Dumm and P. Lacentre, Possible test of local Lorentz invariance from tau decays
1997
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L. A. Anchordoqui, From 3K to 10 20 eV 10^{20}~{\rm eV}
1998
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L. N. Epele and E. Roulet, On the propagation of the highest energy cosmic ray nuclei
1998
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L. A. Anchordoqui, M. T. Dova, L. N. Epele and J. D. Swain, A depression before the bump in the highest energy cosmic ray spectrum
1998
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F. P. Israel, Centaurus A (NGC 5128)
1998
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E. J. M. Colbert, S. A. Baum, C. P. O’Dea and S. Veilleux, Large scale outflows in edge-on seyfert galaxies III: Kiloparsec-scale soft X-ray emission
1998
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M. Elmouttie, B. Koribalski, S. Gordon, K. Taylor, S. Houghton, T. Lavezzi, R. Haynes, and K. Jones, The kinematics of the ionized gas in the Circinus galaxy
1998
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K. S. Capelle, J. W. Cronin, G. Parente and E. Zas, On the detection of ultrahigh-energy neutrinos with the Auger Observatory
1998
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G. Domokos and S. Kovesi-Domokos, Observation of UHE interactions neutrinos from outer space
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