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While the ``deep reasoning'' paradigm has spurred significant advances in verifiable domains like mathematics, its application to open-ended, creative generation remains a critical challenge.
A survey of monte carlo tree search methods
Cameron B Browne, Edward Powley, Daniel Whitehouse, Simon M Lucas, Peter I Cowling, Philipp Rohlfshagen, Stephen Tavener, Diego Perez, Spyridon Samothrakis, and Simon Colton · 2012
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al · 2022
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Self-instruct: Aligning language models with self-generated instructions
Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Alisa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi · 2022
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al · 2022
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Star: Bootstrapping reasoning with reasoning
Eric Zelikman, Yuhuai Wu, Jesse Mu, and Noah Goodman · 2022
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Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al · 2023
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Reinforced self-training (rest) for language modeling
Caglar Gulcehre, Tom Le Paine, Srivatsan Srinivasan, Ksenia Konyushkova, Lotte Weerts, Abhishek Sharma, Aditya Siddhant, Alex Ahern, Miaosen Wang, Chenjie Gu, et al · 2023
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Self-refine: Iterative refinement with self-feedback
Aman Madaan, Niket Tandon, Prakhar Gupta, Skyler Hallinan, Luyu Gao, Sarah Wiegreffe, Uri Alon, Nouha Dziri, Shrimai Prabhumoye, Yiming Yang, et al · 2023
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Gemini: a family of highly capable multimodal models
Gemini Team, Rohan Anil, Sebastian Borgeaud, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jiahui Yu, Radu Soricut, Johan Schalkwyk, Andrew M Dai, Anja Hauth, Katie Millican, et al · 2023
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Adversarial constrained bidding via minimax regret optimization with causality-aware reinforcement learning
Haozhe Wang, Chao Du, Panyan Fang, Li He, Liang Wang, and Bo Zheng · 2023
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Alip: Adaptive language-image pre-training with synthetic caption
Kaicheng Yang, Jiankang Deng, Xiang An, Jiawei Li, Ziyong Feng, Jia Guo, Jing Yang, and Tongliang Liu · 2023
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Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models, 2023
Shunyu Yao, Dian Yu, Jeffrey Zhao, Izhak Shafran, Thomas L Griffiths, Yuan Cao, and Karthik Narasimhan · 2023
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Longwriter: Unleashing 10,000+ word generation from long context llms
Yushi Bai, Jiajie Zhang, Xin Lv, Linzhi Zheng, Siqi Zhu, Lei Hou, Yuxiao Dong, Jie Tang, and Juanzi Li · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Aaron Jaech, Adam Kalai, Adam Lerer, Adam Richardson, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aiden Low, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Alex Beutel, Alex Carney, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Training language models to self-correct via reinforcement learning
Aviral Kumar, Vincent Zhuang, Rishabh Agarwal, Yi Su, John D Co-Reyes, Avi Singh, Kate Baumli, Shariq Iqbal, Colton Bishop, Rebecca Roelofs, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Hellobench: Evaluating long text generation capabilities of large language models
Haoran Que, Feiyu Duan, Liqun He, Yutao Mou, Wangchunshu Zhou, Jiaheng Liu, Wenge Rong, Zekun Moore Wang, Jian Yang, Ge Zhang, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Openthoughts: Data recipes for reasoning models
Etash Guha, Ryan Marten, Sedrick Keh, Negin Raoof, Georgios Smyrnis, Hritik Bansal, Marianna Nezhurina, Jean Mercat, Trung Vu, Zayne Sprague, et al · 2025
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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Guangzeng Han, Weisi Liu, and Xiaolei Huang · 2025
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Fastmcts: A simple sampling strategy for data synthesis
Peiji Li, Kai Lv, Yunfan Shao, Yichuan Ma, Linyang Li, Xiaoqing Zheng, Xipeng Qiu, and Qipeng Guo · 2025
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Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Mingchuan Zhang, YK Li, Yu Wu, and Daya Guo · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Openmathinstruct-1: A 1.8 million math instruction tuning dataset
Shubham Toshniwal, Ivan Moshkov, Sean Narenthiran, Daria Gitman, Fei Jia, and Igor Gitman · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Weaver: Foundation models for creative writing
Tiannan Wang, Jiamin Chen, Qingrui Jia, Shuai Wang, Ruoyu Fang, Huilin Wang, Zhaowei Gao, Chunzhao Xie, Chuou Xu, Jihong Dai, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Quiet-star: Language models can teach themselves to think before speaking
Eric Zelikman, Georges Harik, Yijia Shao, Varuna Jayasiri, Nick Haber, and Noah D Goodman · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Generative verifiers: Reward modeling as next-token prediction
Lunjun Zhang, Arian Hosseini, Hritik Bansal, Mehran Kazemi, Aviral Kumar, and Rishabh Agarwal · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Wildchat: 1m chatgpt interaction logs in the wild
Wenting Zhao, Xiang Ren, Jack Hessel, Claire Cardie, Yejin Choi, and Yuntian Deng · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Yichao Fu, Xuewei Wang, Yuandong Tian, and Jiawei Zhao · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Realsyn: An effective and scalable multimodal interleaved document transformation paradigm
Tiancheng Gu, Kaicheng Yang, Chaoyi Zhang, Yin Xie, Xiang An, Ziyong Feng, Dongnan Liu, Weidong Cai, and Jiankang Deng · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Xun Lu · 2025
Closest in time.
Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel Candès, and Tatsunori Hashimoto · 2025
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Pixel reasoner: Incentivizing pixel-space reasoning with curiosity-driven reinforcement learning
Alex Su, Haozhe Wang, Weiming Ren, Fangzhen Lin, and Wenhu Chen · 2025
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Kimi k1. 5: Scaling reinforcement learning with llms
Kimi Team, Angang Du, Bofei Gao, Bowei Xing, Changjiu Jiang, Cheng Chen, Cheng Li, Chenjun Xiao, Chenzhuang Du, Chonghua Liao, et al · 2025
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Qwq-32b: Embracing the power of reinforcement learning, March 2025
Qwen Team · 2025
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Writingbench: A comprehensive benchmark for generative writing
Yuning Wu, Jiahao Mei, Ming Yan, Chenliang Li, Shaopeng Lai, Yuran Ren, Zijia Wang, Ji Zhang, Mengyue Wu, Qin Jin, et al · 2025
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Reinforcing general reasoning without verifiers
Xiangxin Zhou, Zichen Liu, Anya Sims, Haonan Wang, Tianyu Pang, Chongxuan Li, Liang Wang, Min Lin, and Chao Du · 2025
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