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Model routing allocates queries to the suitable model, improving system performance while reducing costs.
Distilbert, a distilled version of bert: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter
Victor Sanh, Lysandre Debut, Julien Chaumond, and Thomas Wolf. 2020 · 1910
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Routing to the expert: Efficient reward-guided ensemble of large language models
Keming Lu, Hongyi Yuan, Runji Lin, Junyang Lin, Zheng Yuan, Chang Zhou, and Jingren Zhou. 2024b · 1974
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The singular value decomposition: Its computation and some applications
V. Klema and A. Laub. 1980 · 1980
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Adaptive mixtures of local experts
Robert A Jacobs, Michael I Jordan, Steven J Nowlan, and Geoffrey E Hinton. 1991 · 1991
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 2001
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BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019 · 2019
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Decoupled weight decay regularization
Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter. 2019 · 2019
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Retrieval-augmented generation for knowledge-intensive nlp tasks
Patrick Lewis, Ethan Perez, Aleksandra Piktus, Fabio Petroni, Vladimir Karpukhin, Naman Goyal, Heinrich Küttler, Mike Lewis, Wen-tau Yih, Tim Rocktäschel, et al. 2020 · 2020
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2021 · 2021
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Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models
Edward J Hu, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, Weizhu Chen, et al. 2021 · 2021
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Minilmv2: Multi-head self-attention relation distillation for compressing pretrained transformers
Wenhui Wang, Hangbo Bao, Shaohan Huang, Li Dong, and Furu Wei. 2021b · 2021
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al. 2022 · 2022
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Automix: Automatically mixing language models
Pranjal Aggarwal, Aman Madaan, Ankit Anand, Srividya Pranavi Potharaju, Swaroop Mishra, Pei Zhou, Aditya Gupta, Dheeraj Rajagopal, Karthik Kappaganthu, Yiming Yang, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Frugalgpt: How to use large language models while reducing cost and improving performance
Lingjiao Chen, Matei Zaharia, and James Zou. 2023 · 2023
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Free dolly: Introducing the world’s first truly open instruction-tuned llm
Mike Conover, Matt Hayes, Ankit Mathur, Jianwei Xie, Jun Wan, Sam Shah, Ali Ghodsi, Patrick Wendell, Matei Zaharia, and Reynold Xin. 2023 · 2023
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Trapping llm hallucinations using tagged context prompts
Philip Feldman, James R Foulds, and Shimei Pan. 2023 · 2023
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Tryage: Real-time, intelligent routing of user prompts to large language model
Surya Narayanan Hari and Matt Thomson. 2023 · 2023
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Llm-blender: Ensembling large language models with pairwise ranking and generative fusion
Dongfu Jiang, Xiang Ren, and Bill Yuchen Lin. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Fast inference from transformers via speculative decoding
Yaniv Leviathan, Matan Kalman, and Yossi Matias. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Cmmlu: Measuring massive multitask language understanding in chinese
Haonan Li, Yixuan Zhang, Fajri Koto, Yifei Yang, Hai Zhao, Yeyun Gong, Nan Duan, and Timothy Baldwin. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
A comprehensive survey of few-shot learning: Evolution, applications, challenges, and opportunities
Yisheng Song, Ting Wang, Puyu Cai, Subrota K Mondal, and Jyoti Prakash Sahoo. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Self-instruct: Aligning language models with self-generated instructions
Yizhong Wang, Yeganeh Kordi, Swaroop Mishra, Alisa Liu, Noah A Smith, Daniel Khashabi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2023 · 2023
Routellm: Learning to route llms with preference data
Isaac Ong, Amjad Almahairi, Vincent Wu, Wei-Lin Chiang, Tianhao Wu, Joseph E Gonzalez, M Waleed Kadous, and Ion Stoica. 2024 · 2024
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OpenAI. 2024 · 2024
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Gorilla: Large language model connected with massive apis
Shishir G Patil, Tianjun Zhang, Xin Wang, and Joseph E Gonzalez. 2024 · 2024
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Tell me more! towards implicit user intention understanding of language model driven agents
Cheng Qian, Bingxiang He, Zhong Zhuang, Jia Deng, Yujia Qin, Xin Cong, Zhong Zhang, Jie Zhou, Yankai Lin, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun. 2024 · 2024
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A review on large language models: Architectures, applications, taxonomies, open issues and challenges
Mohaimenul Azam Khan Raiaan, Md. Saddam Hossain Mukta, Kaniz Fatema, Nur Mohammad Fahad, Sadman Sakib, Most Marufatul Jannat Mim, Jubaer Ahmad, Mohammed Eunus Ali, and Sami Azam. 2024 · 2024
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Cited alongside, same era.
Prompt engineering a prompt engineer
Qinyuan Ye, Maxamed Axmed, Reid Pryzant, and Fereshte Khani. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Deepseekmoe: Towards ultimate expert specialization in mixture-of-experts language models
Damai Dai, Chengqi Deng, Chenggang Zhao, RX Xu, Huazuo Gao, Deli Chen, Jiashi Li, Wangding Zeng, Xingkai Yu, Y Wu, et al. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Hybrid llm: Cost-efficient and quality-aware query routing
Dujian Ding, Ankur Mallick, Chi Wang, Robert Sim, Subhabrata Mukherjee, Victor Rühle, Laks VS Lakshmanan, and Ahmed Hassan Awadallah. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Routerbench: A benchmark for multi-llm routing system
Qitian Jason Hu, Jacob Bieker, Xiuyu Li, Nan Jiang, Benjamin Keigwin, Gaurav Ranganath, Kurt Keutzer, and Shriyash Kaustubh Upadhyay. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Speculative decoding with big little decoder
Sehoon Kim, Karttikeya Mangalam, Suhong Moon, Jitendra Malik, Michael W Mahoney, Amir Gholami, and Kurt Keutzer. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
OrchestraLLM: Efficient orchestration of language models for dialogue state tracking
Chia-Hsuan Lee, Hao Cheng, and Mari Ostendorf. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Purifying large language models by ensembling a small language model
Tianlin Li, Qian Liu, Tianyu Pang, Chao Du, Qing Guo, Yang Liu, and Min Lin. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
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Optimising calls to large language models with uncertainty-based two-tier selection
Guillem Ramírez, Alexandra Birch, and Ivan Titov. 2024 · 2024
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Fly-swat or cannon? cost-effective language model choice via meta-modeling
Marija Sakota, Maxime Peyrard, Robert West, et al. 2024 · 2024
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Tag-llm: repurposing general-purpose llms for specialized domains
Junhong Shen, Neil Tenenholtz, James Brian Hall, David Alvarez-Melis, and Nicolò Fusi. 2024 · 2024
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Harnessing the power of multiple minds: Lessons learned from LLM routing
Kv Aditya Srivatsa, Kaushal Maurya, and Ekaterina Kochmar. 2024 · 2024
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Spectr: Fast speculative decoding via optimal transport
Ziteng Sun, Ananda Theertha Suresh, Jae Hun Ro, Ahmad Beirami, Himanshu Jain, and Felix Yu. 2024 · 2024
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LLM-TOPLA: Efficient LLM ensemble by maximising diversity
Selim Furkan Tekin, Fatih Ilhan, Tiansheng Huang, Sihao Hu, and Ling Liu. 2024 · 2024
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Large language model cascades with mixture of thoughts representations for cost-efficient reasoning
Murong Yue, Jie Zhao, Min Zhang, Liang Du, and Ziyu Yao. 2024 · 2024
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Acge text embedding
Aspire. 2024 · 2025
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Baidu cloud: Qianfan home
Baidu. 2024 · 2025
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Climatechat: Designing data and methods for instruction tuning llms to answer climate change queries
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Qwen, An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Yang, Jiaxi Yang, Jingren Zhou, Junyang Lin, Kai Dang, Keming Lu, Keqin Bao, Kexin Yang, Le Yu, Mei Li, Mingfeng Xue, Pei Zhang, Qin Zhu, Rui Men, Runji Lin, Tianhao Li, Tianyi Tang, Tingyu Xia, Xingzhang Ren, Xuancheng Ren, Yang Fan, Yang Su, Yichang Zhang, Yu Wan, Yuqiong Liu, Zeyu Cui, Zhenru Zhang, and Zihan Qiu. 2025 · 2025
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