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We address the long-horizon gap in large language model (LLM) agents by enabling them to sustain coherent strategies in adversarial, stochastic environments.
Monte-carlo tree search in settlers of catan
István Szita, Guillaume Chaslot, and Pieter Spronck · 2009
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Mastering the game of go with deep neural networks and tree search
David Silver, Aja Huang, Chris J. Maddison, Arthur Guez, Laurent Sifre, George van den Driessche, Julian Schrittwieser, Ioannis Antonoglou, Vedavyas Panneershelvam, Marc Lanctot, Sander Dieleman, Dominik Grewe, John Nham, Nal Kalchbrenner, Ilya Sutskever, Timothy P. Lillicrap, Madeleine Leach, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Thore Graepel, and Demis Hassabis · 2016
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Playing catan with cross-dimensional neural network
Quentin Gendre and Tomoyuki Kaneko · 2020
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Human-level play in the game of diplomacy by combining language models with strategic reasoning
Meta Fundamental AI Research Diplomacy Team (FAIR), Anton Bakhtin, Noam Brown, Emily Dinan, Gabriele Farina, Colin Flaherty, Daniel Fried, Andrew Goff, Jonathan Gray, Hengyuan Hu, et al · 2022
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Star: Bootstrapping reasoning with reasoning, 2022
Eric Zelikman, Yuhuai Wu, Jesse Mu, and Noah D. Goodman · 2022
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Sparks of artificial general intelligence: Early experiments with gpt-4, 2023
Sébastien Bubeck, Varun Chandrasekaran, Ronen Eldan, Johannes Gehrke, Eric Horvitz, Ece Kamar, Peter Lee, Yin Tat Lee, Yuanzhi Li, Scott Lundberg, Harsha Nori, Hamid Palangi, Marco Tulio Ribeiro, and Yi Zhang · 2023
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Promptbreeder: Self-referential self-improvement via prompt evolution
Chrisantha Fernando, Dylan Banarse, Henryk Michalewski, Simon Osindero, and Tim Rocktäschel · 2023
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Camel: Communicative agents for "mind" exploration of large language model society, 2023
Guohao Li, Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud, Hani Itani, Dmitrii Khizbullin, and Bernard Ghanem · 2023
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Generative agents: Interactive simulacra of human behavior, 2023
Joon Sung Park, Joseph C. O’Brien, Carrie J. Cai, Meredith Ringel Morris, Percy Liang, and Michael S. Bernstein · 2023
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Reflexion: Language agents with verbal reinforcement learning, 2023
Noah Shinn, Federico Cassano, Edward Berman, Ashwin Gopinath, Karthik Narasimhan, and Shunyu Yao · 2023
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Karthik Valmeekam, Sarath Sreedharan, Matthew Marquez, Alberto Olmo, and Subbarao Kambhampati · 2023
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models, 2023
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Brian Ichter, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc Le, and Denny Zhou · 2023
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Autogen: Enabling next-gen llm applications via multi-agent conversation, 2023
Qingyun Wu, Gagan Bansal, Jieyu Zhang, Yiran Wu, Beibin Li, Erkang Zhu, Li Jiang, Xiaoyun Zhang, Shaokun Zhang, Jiale Liu, Ahmed Hassan Awadallah, Ryen W White, Doug Burger, and Chi Wang · 2023
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Auto-gpt for online decision making: Benchmarks and additional opinions, 2023
Hui Yang, Sifu Yue, and Yunzhong He · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models
Shunyu Yao, Jeffrey Zhao, Dian Yu, Nan Du, Izhak Shafran, Karthik Narasimhan, and Yuan Cao · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Can we rely on llm agents to draft long-horizon plans? let’s take travelplanner as an example
Yanan Chen, Ali Pesaranghader, Tanmana Sadhu, and Dong Hoon Yi · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Gamebench: Evaluating strategic reasoning abilities of llm agents
Anthony Costarelli, Mat Allen, Roman Hauksson, Grace Sodunke, Suhas Hariharan, Carlson Cheng, Wenjie Li, Joshua Clymer, and Arjun Yadav · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
How to Identify Your Version of Catan
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3 Royal Weddings in Catan
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Catanatron: Settlers of catan bot simulator and strong ai player
B. Collazo · 2025
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Empowering llms with parameterized skills for adversarial long-horizon planning, 2025
Sijia Cui, Shuai Xu, Aiyao He, Yanna Wang, and Bo Xu · 2025
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Xiangjue Dong, Maria Teleki, and James Caverlee · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language models and games: A survey and roadmap
Roberto Gallotta, Graham Todd, Marvin Zammit, Sam Earle, Antonios Liapis, Julian Togelius, and Georgios N Yannakakis · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Eureka: Human-level reward design via coding large language models, 2024
Yecheng Jason Ma, William Liang, Guanzhi Wang, De-An Huang, Osbert Bastani, Dinesh Jayaraman, Yuke Zhu, Linxi Fan, and Anima Anandkumar · 2024
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Muhammad Umair Nasir, Steven James, and Julian Togelius · 2024
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Civrealm: A learning and reasoning odyssey in civilization for decision-making agents
Siyuan Qi, Shuo Chen, Yexin Li, Xiangyu Kong, Junqi Wang, Bangcheng Yang, Pring Wong, Yifan Zhong, Xiaoyuan Zhang, Zhaowei Zhang, et al · 2024
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Mastering board games by external and internal planning with language models
John Schultz, Jakub Adamek, Matej Jusup, Marc Lanctot, Michael Kaisers, Sarah Perrin, Daniel Hennes, Jeremy Shar, Cannada Lewis, Anian Ruoss, et al · 2024
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Mind the gap: Examining the self-improvement capabilities of large language models
Yuda Song, Hanlin Zhang, Carson Eisenach, Sham Kakade, Dean Foster, and Udaya Ghai · 2024
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Travelplanner: A benchmark for real-world planning with language agents, 2024
Jian Xie, Kai Zhang, Jiangjie Chen, Tinghui Zhu, Renze Lou, Yuandong Tian, Yanghua Xiao, and Yu Su · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
murmur · 2025
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Llamar: Long-horizon planning for multi-agent robots in partially observable environments, 2025
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Alphaevolve: A coding agent for scientific and algorithmic discovery
Alexander Novikov, Ngân Vũ, Marvin Eisenberger, Emilien Dupont, Po-Sen Huang, Adam Zsolt Wagner, Sergey Shirobokov, Borislav Kozlovskii, Francisco J. R. Ruiz, Abbas Mehrabian, M. Pawan Kumar, Abigail See, Swarat Chaudhuri, George Holland, Alex Davies, Sebastian Nowozin, Pushmeet Kohli, and Matej Balog · 2025
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The rise and potential of large language model based agents: A survey
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Lifelong learning of large language model based agents: A roadmap, 2025
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