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This paper presents AlphaOne ($\alpha$1), a universal framework for modulating reasoning progress in large reasoning models (LRMs) at test time.
Thinking, fast and slow
Daniel Kahneman. 2011 · 2011
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Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences
Paul F. Christiano, Jan Leike, Tom B. Brown, Miljan Martic, Shane Legg, and Dario Amodei. 2017 · 2017
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Proximal policy optimization algorithms
John Schulman, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov. 2017 · 2017
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Stochastic beams and where to find them: The gumbel-top-k trick for sampling sequences without replacement
Wouter Kool, Herke van Hoof, and Max Welling. 2019 · 2019
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On the opportunities and risks of foundation models
Rishi Bommasani, Drew A. Hudson, Ehsan Adeli, Russ Altman, Simran Arora, Sydney von Arx, Michael S. Bernstein, Jeannette Bohg, Antoine Bosselut, Emma Brunskill, Erik Brynjolfsson, Shyamal Buch, Dallas Card, Rodrigo Castellon, Niladri S. Chatterji, Annie S. Chen, Kathleen Creel, Jared Quincy Davis, Dorottya Demszky, and 34 others. 2021 · 2021
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, Christopher Hesse, and John Schulman. 2021 · 2021
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Flamingo: a visual language model for few-shot learning
Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jeff Donahue, Pauline Luc, Antoine Miech, Iain Barr, Yana Hasson, Karel Lenc, Arthur Mensch, Katherine Millican, Malcolm Reynolds, Roman Ring, Eliza Rutherford, Serkan Cabi, Tengda Han, Zhitao Gong, Sina Samangooei, Marianne Monteiro, Jacob L. Menick, Sebastian Borgeaud, and 8 others. 2022 · 2022
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Solving quantitative reasoning problems with language models
Aitor Lewkowycz, Anders Andreassen, David Dohan, Ethan Dyer, Henryk Michalewski, Vinay V. Ramasesh, Ambrose Slone, Cem Anil, Imanol Schlag, Theo Gutman-Solo, Yuhuai Wu, Behnam Neyshabur, Guy Gur-Ari, and Vedant Misra. 2022 · 2022
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Solving math word problems with process- and outcome-based feedback
Jonathan Uesato, Nate Kushman, Ramana Kumar, H. Francis Song, Noah Y. Siegel, Lisa Wang, Antonia Creswell, Geoffrey Irving, and Irina Higgins. 2022 · 2022
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Brian Ichter, Fei Xia, Ed H. Chi, Quoc V. Le, and Denny Zhou. 2022 · 2022
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Star: Bootstrapping reasoning with reasoning
Eric Zelikman, Yuhuai Wu, Jesse Mu, and Noah D. Goodman. 2022 · 2022
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The Worlds I See: Curiosity, Exploration, and Discovery at the Dawn of AI
Li Fei-Fei. 2023 · 2023
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Reasoning with language model is planning with world model
Shibo Hao, Yi Gu, Haodi Ma, Joshua Jiahua Hong, Zhen Wang, Daisy Zhe Wang, and Zhiting Hu. 2023 · 2023
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Visual instruction tuning
Haotian Liu, Chunyuan Li, Qingyang Wu, and Yong Jae Lee. 2023 · 2023
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Self-refine: Iterative refinement with self-feedback
Aman Madaan, Niket Tandon, Prakhar Gupta, Skyler Hallinan, Luyu Gao, Sarah Wiegreffe, Uri Alon, Nouha Dziri, Shrimai Prabhumoye, Yiming Yang, Shashank Gupta, Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder, Katherine Hermann, Sean Welleck, Amir Yazdanbakhsh, and Peter Clark. 2023 · 2023
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Self-consistency improves chain of thought reasoning in language models
Xuezhi Wang, Jason Wei, Dale Schuurmans, Quoc V. Le, Ed H. Chi, Sharan Narang, Aakanksha Chowdhery, and Denny Zhou. 2023 · 2023
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Self-evaluation guided beam search for reasoning
Yuxi Xie, Kenji Kawaguchi, Yiran Zhao, James Xu Zhao, Min-Yen Kan, Junxian He, and Michael Qizhe Xie. 2023 · 2023
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Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models
Shunyu Yao, Dian Yu, Jeffrey Zhao, Izhak Shafran, Tom Griffiths, Yuan Cao, and Karthik Narasimhan. 2023 · 2023
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Planning with large language models for code generation
Shun Zhang, Zhenfang Chen, Yikang Shen, Mingyu Ding, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, and Chuang Gan. 2023 · 2023
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Marah Abdin, Jyoti Aneja, Harkirat Behl, Sébastien Bubeck, Ronen Eldan, Suriya Gunasekar, Michael Harrison, Russell J. Hewett, Mojan Javaheripi, Piero Kauffmann, James R. Lee, Yin Tat Lee, Yuanzhi Li, Weishung Liu, Caio C. T. Mendes, Anh Nguyen, Eric Price, Gustavo de Rosa, Olli Saarikivi, and 8 others. 2024 · 2024
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Graph of thoughts: Solving elaborate problems with large language models
Maciej Besta, Nils Blach, Ales Kubicek, Robert Gerstenberger, Michal Podstawski, Lukas Gianinazzi, Joanna Gajda, Tomasz Lehmann, Hubert Niewiadomski, Piotr Nyczyk, and Torsten Hoefler. 2024 · 2024
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Alphamath almost zero: Process supervision without process
Guoxin Chen, Minpeng Liao, Chengxi Li, and Kai Fan. 2024a · 2024
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Teaching large language models to self-debug
Xinyun Chen, Maxwell Lin, Nathanael Schärli, and Denny Zhou. 2024c · 2024
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DreamLLM: Synergistic multimodal comprehension and creation
Runpei Dong, Chunrui Han, Yuang Peng, Zekun Qi, Zheng Ge, Jinrong Yang, Liang Zhao, Jianjian Sun, Hongyu Zhou, Haoran Wei, Xiangwen Kong, Xiangyu Zhang, Kaisheng Ma, and Li Yi. 2024 · 2024
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Interpretable contrastive monte carlo tree search reasoning
Zitian Gao, Boye Niu, Xuzheng He, Haotian Xu, Hongzhang Liu, Aiwei Liu, Xuming Hu, and Lijie Wen. 2024 · 2024
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CRITIC: large language models can self-correct with tool-interactive critiquing
Zhibin Gou, Zhihong Shao, Yeyun Gong, Yelong Shen, Yujiu Yang, Nan Duan, and Weizhu Chen. 2024 · 2024
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Bonbon alignment for large language models and the sweetness of best-of-n sampling
Lin Gui, Cristina Garbacea, and Victor Veitch. 2024 · 2024
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Training large language models to reason in a continuous latent space
Shibo Hao, Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, DiJia Su, Xian Li, Zhiting Hu, Jason Weston, and Yuandong Tian. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Olympiadbench: A challenging benchmark for promoting AGI with olympiad-level bilingual multimodal scientific problems
Chaoqun He, Renjie Luo, Yuzhuo Bai, Shengding Hu, Zhen Leng Thai, Junhao Shen, Jinyi Hu, Xu Han, Yujie Huang, Yuxiang Zhang, Jie Liu, Lei Qi, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language models cannot self-correct reasoning yet
Jie Huang, Xinyun Chen, Swaroop Mishra, Huaixiu Steven Zheng, Adams Wei Yu, Xinying Song, and Denny Zhou. 2024a · 2024
What is wrong with perplexity for long-context language modeling?
Lizhe Fang, Yifei Wang, Zhaoyang Liu, Chenheng Zhang, Stefanie Jegelka, Jinyang Gao, Bolin Ding, and Yisen Wang. 2025 · 2025
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Reasoning without self-doubt: More efficient chain-of-thought through certainty probing
Yichao Fu, Junda Chen, Yonghao Zhuang, Zheyu Fu, Ion Stoica, and Hao Zhang. 2025 · 2025
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Livecodebench: Holistic and contamination free evaluation of large language models for code
Naman Jain, King Han, Alex Gu, Wen-Ding Li, Fanjia Yan, Tianjun Zhang, Sida Wang, Armando Solar-Lezama, Koushik Sen, and Ion Stoica. 2025 · 2025
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T2i-r1: Reinforcing image generation with collaborative semantic-level and token-level cot
Dongzhi Jiang, Ziyu Guo, Renrui Zhang, Zhuofan Zong, Hao Li, Le Zhuo, Shilin Yan, Pheng-Ann Heng, and Hongsheng Li. 2025 · 2025
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Scalable best-of-n selection for large language models via self-certainty
alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.
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Aaron Jaech, Adam Kalai, Adam Lerer, Adam Richardson, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aiden Low, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Alex Beutel, Alex Carney, Alex Iftimie, Alex Karpenko, Alex Tachard Passos, Alexander Neitz, Alexander Prokofiev, Alexander Wei, Allison Tam, Ally Bennett, Ananya Kumar, and 80 others. 2024 · 2024
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When can llms Actually correct their own mistakes? A critical survey of self-correction of llms
Ryo Kamoi, Yusen Zhang, Nan Zhang, Jiawei Han, and Rui Zhang. 2024 · 2024
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Volcano: Mitigating multimodal hallucination through self-feedback guided revision
Seongyun Lee, Sue Hyun Park, Yongrae Jo, and Minjoon Seo. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Let’s verify step by step
Hunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yuri Burda, Harrison Edwards, Bowen Baker, Teddy Lee, Jan Leike, John Schulman, Ilya Sutskever, and Karl Cobbe. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Introducing gpt-4o and more tools to chatgpt free users
OpenAI. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Shapellm: Universal 3d object understanding for embodied interaction
Zekun Qi, Runpei Dong, Shaochen Zhang, Haoran Geng, Chunrui Han, Zheng Ge, Li Yi, and Kaisheng Ma. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Treebon: Enhancing inference-time alignment with speculative tree-search and best-of-n sampling
Jiahao Qiu, Yifu Lu, Yifan Zeng, Jiacheng Guo, Jiayi Geng, Huazheng Wang, Kaixuan Huang, Yue Wu, and Mengdi Wang. 2024 · 2024
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Zhewei Kang, Xuandong Zhao, and Dawn Song. 2025 · 2025
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S*: Test time scaling for code generation
Dacheng Li, Shiyi Cao, Chengkun Cao, Xiuyu Li, Shangyin Tan, Kurt Keutzer, Jiarong Xing, Joseph E. Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica. 2025 · 2025
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Reasoning models can be effective without thinking
Wenjie Ma, Jingxuan He, Charlie Snell, Tyler Griggs, Sewon Min, and Matei Zaharia. 2025 · 2025
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American Invitational Mathematics Examination – AIME
Mathematical Association of America. 2024 · 2025
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Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel J. Candès, and Tatsunori Hashimoto. 2025 · 2025
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Thinking with images
OpenAI. 2025 · 2025
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Thoughtterminator: Benchmarking, calibrating, and mitigating overthinking in reasoning models
Xiao Pu, Michael Saxon, Wenyue Hua, and William Yang Wang. 2025 · 2025
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Sofar: Language-grounded orientation bridges spatial reasoning and object manipulation
Zekun Qi, Wenyao Zhang, Yufei Ding, Runpei Dong, Xinqiang Yu, Jingwen Li, Lingyun Xu, Baoyu Li, Xialin He, Guofan Fan, Jiazhao Zhang, Jiawei He, Jiayuan Gu, Xin Jin, Kaisheng Ma, Zhizheng Zhang, He Wang, and Li Yi. 2025 · 2025
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Optimizing test-time compute via meta reinforcement fine-tuning
Yuxiao Qu, Matthew Y. R. Yang, Amrith Setlur, Lewis Tunstall, Edward Emanuel Beeching, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Aviral Kumar. 2025 · 2025
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Preview of qwen qwen1.5-32b
Qwen Team. 2025 · 2025
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BOND: aligning llms with best-of-n distillation
Pier Giuseppe Sessa, Robert Dadashi-Tazehozi, Léonard Hussenot, Johan Ferret, Nino Vieillard, Alexandre Ramé, Bobak Shahriari, Sarah Perrin, Abram L. Friesen, Geoffrey Cideron, Sertan Girgin, Piotr Stanczyk, Andrea Michi, Danila Sinopalnikov, Sabela Ramos Garea, Amélie Héliou, Aliaksei Severyn, Matthew Hoffman, Nikola Momchev, and Olivier Bachem. 2025 · 2025
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Jinyan Su, Jennifer Healey, Preslav Nakov, and Claire Cardie. 2025 · 2025
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Stop overthinking: A survey on efficient reasoning for large language models
Yang Sui, Yu-Neng Chuang, Guanchu Wang, Jiamu Zhang, Tianyi Zhang, Jiayi Yuan, Hongyi Liu, Andrew Wen, Shaochen Zhong, Hanjie Chen, and Xia Ben Hu. 2025 · 2025
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Thoughts are all over the place: On the underthinking of o1-like llms
Yue Wang, Qiuzhi Liu, Jiahao Xu, Tian Liang, Xingyu Chen, Zhiwei He, Linfeng Song, Dian Yu, Juntao Li, Zhuosheng Zhang, Rui Wang, Zhaopeng Tu, Haitao Mi, and Dong Yu. 2025 · 2025
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Yana Wei, Liang Zhao, Kangheng Lin, En Yu, Yuang Peng, Runpei Dong, Jianjian Sun, Haoran Wei, Zheng Ge, Xiangyu Zhang, and Vishal M. Patel. 2025 · 2025
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Chain of draft: Thinking faster by writing less
Silei Xu, Wenhao Xie, Lingxiao Zhao, and Pengcheng He. 2025 · 2025
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Perception-r1: Pioneering perception policy with reinforcement learning
En Yu, Kangheng Lin, Liang Zhao, Jisheng Yin, Yana Wei, Yuang Peng, Haoran Wei, Jianjian Sun, Chunrui Han, Zheng Ge, Xiangyu Zhang, Daxin Jiang, Jingyu Wang, and Wenbing Tao. 2025 · 2025
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Zhiyuan Zeng, Qinyuan Cheng, Zhangyue Yin, Yunhua Zhou, and Xipeng Qiu. 2025 · 2025
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Bridging internal probability and self-consistency for effective and efficient LLM reasoning
Zhi Zhou, Tan Yuhao, Zenan Li, Yuan Yao, Lan-Zhe Guo, Xiaoxing Ma, and Yu-Feng Li. 2025 · 2025
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Dynamath: A dynamic visual benchmark for evaluating mathematical reasoning robustness of vision language models
Chengke Zou, Xingang Guo, Rui Yang, Junyu Zhang, Bin Hu, and Huan Zhang. 2025 · 2025
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Ttrl: Test-time reinforcement learning
Yuxin Zuo, Kaiyan Zhang, Shang Qu, Li Sheng, Xuekai Zhu, Biqing Qi, Youbang Sun, Ganqu Cui, Ning Ding, and Bowen Zhou. 2025 · 2025
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