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Large language models (LLMs) are typically aligned to refuse harmful instructions through safety fine-tuning.
Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J. Liu. 2023 · 1910
Earlier work this paper cites.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel M. Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, and 12 others. 2020 · 2005
Earlier work this paper cites.
Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2021 · 2009
Earlier work this paper cites.
Bot-adversarial dialogue for safe conversational agents
Jing Xu, Da Ju, Margaret Li, Y-Lan Boureau, Jason Weston, and Emily Dinan. 2021 · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Red teaming language models to reduce harms: Methods, scaling behaviors, and lessons learned
Deep Ganguli, Liane Lovitt, Jackson Kernion, Amanda Askell, Yuntao Bai, Saurav Kadavath, Ben Mann, Ethan Perez, Nicholas Schiefer, Kamal Ndousse, Andy Jones, Sam Bowman, Anna Chen, Tom Conerly, Nova DasSarma, Dawn Drain, Nelson Elhage, Sheer El-Showk, Stanislav Fort, and 17 others. 2022 · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeff Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll L. Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, John Schulman, Jacob Hilton, Fraser Kelton, Luke Miller, Maddie Simens, Amanda Askell, Peter Welinder, Paul Christiano, Jan Leike, and Ryan Lowe. 2022 · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Free dolly: Introducing the world’s first truly open instruction-tuned llm
Mike Conover, Matt Hayes, Ankit Mathur, Jianwei Xie, Jun Wan, Sam Shah, Ali Ghodsi, Patrick Wendell, Matei Zaharia, and Reynold Xin. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
A confederacy of models: a comprehensive evaluation of llms on creative writing
Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez and Paul Williams. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Llama Guard: LLM-based Input-Output Safeguard for Human-AI Conversations
Hakan Inan, Kartikeya Upasani, Jianfeng Chi, Rashi Rungta, Krithika Iyer, Yuning Mao, Michael Tontchev, Qing Hu, Brian Fuller, Davide Testuggine, and Madian Khabsa. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Beavertails: Towards improved safety alignment of llm via a human-preference dataset
Jiaming Ji, Mickel Liu, Juntao Dai, Xuehai Pan, Chi Zhang, Ce Bian, Chi Zhang, Ruiyang Sun, Yizhou Wang, and Yaodong Yang. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Evaluating open-domain question answering in the era of large language models
Ehsan Kamalloo, Nouha Dziri, Charles L. A. Clarke, and Davood Rafiei. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Training socially aligned language models on simulated social interactions
Ruibo Liu, Ruixin Yang, Chenyan Jia, Ge Zhang, Denny Zhou, Andrew M. Dai, Diyi Yang, and Soroush Vosoughi. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Tdc 2023 (llm edition): The trojan detection challenge
Mantas Mazeika, Andy Zou, Norman Mu, Long Phan, Zifan Wang, Chunru Yu, Adam Khoja, Fengqing Jiang, Aidan O’Gara, Ellie Sakhaee, Zhen Xiang, Arezoo Rajabi, Dan Hendrycks, Radha Poovendran, Bo Li, and David Forsyth. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Baolin Peng, Chunyuan Li, Pengcheng He, Michel Galley, and Jianfeng Gao. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Fine-tuning aligned language models compromises safety, even when users do not intend to!
Xiangyu Qi, Yi Zeng, Tinghao Xie, Pin-Yu Chen, Ruoxi Jia, Prateek Mittal, and Peter Henderson. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models
Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Albert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti Bhosale, Dan Bikel, Lukas Blecher, Cristian Canton Ferrer, Moya Chen, Guillem Cucurull, David Esiobu, Jude Fernandes, Jeremy Fu, Wenyin Fu, and 49 others. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Jailbroken: How does llm safety training fail?
Alexander Wei, Nika Haghtalab, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Make them spill the beans! coercive knowledge extraction from (production) llms
Zhuo Zhang, Guangyu Shen, Guanhong Tao, Siyuan Cheng, and Xiangyu Zhang. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt-bench and chatbot arena
Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric P. Xing, Hao Zhang, Joseph E. Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
LIMA: Less Is More for Alignment
Chunting Zhou, Pengfei Liu, Puxin Xu, Srini Iyer, Jiao Sun, Yuning Mao, Xuezhe Ma, Avia Efrat, Ping Yu, Lili Yu, Susan Zhang, Gargi Ghosh, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Omer Levy. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Universal and transferable adversarial attacks on aligned language models
Andy Zou, Zifan Wang, Nicholas Carlini, Milad Nasr, J. Zico Kolter, and Matt Fredrikson. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Refusal in Language Models Is Mediated by a Single Direction
Andy Arditi, Oscar Obeso, Aaquib Syed, Daniel Paleka, Nina Panickssery, Wes Gurnee, and Neel Nanda. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Language Models are Homer Simpson! Safety Re-Alignment of Fine-tuned Language Models through Task Arithmetic
Rishabh Bhardwaj, Do Duc Anh, and Soujanya Poria. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Defending against alignment-breaking attacks via robustly aligned LLM
Bochuan Cao, Yuanpu Cao, Lu Lin, and Jinghui Chen. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Safety alignment should be made more than just a few tokens deep
Xiangyu Qi, Ashwinee Panda, Kaifeng Lyu, Xiao Ma, Subhrajit Roy, Ahmad Beirami, Prateek Mittal, and Peter Henderson. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model
Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Stefano Ermon, Christopher D. Manning, and Chelsea Finn. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Smoothllm: Defending large language models against jailbreaking attacks
Alexander Robey, Eric Wong, Hamed Hassani, and George J. Pappas. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Immunization against harmful fine-tuning attacks
Domenic Rosati, Jan Wehner, Kai Williams, Lukasz Bartoszcze, Hassan Sajjad, and Frank Rudzicz. 2024 · 2024
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Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models
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Kto: Model alignment as prospect theoretic optimization
Kawin Ethayarajh, Winnie Xu, Niklas Muennighoff, Dan Jurafsky, and Douwe Kiela. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Deliberative Alignment: Reasoning Enables Safer Language Models
Melody Y Guan, Manas Joglekar, Eric Wallace, Saachi Jain, Boaz Barak, Alec Helyar, Rachel Dias, Andrea Vallone, Hongyu Ren, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Sam Toyer, Johannes Heidecke, Alex Beutel, and Amelia Glaese. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Cold-attack: Jailbreaking llms with stealthiness and controllability
Xingang Guo, Fangxu Yu, Huan Zhang, Lianhui Qin, and Bin Hu. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Model merging and safety alignment: One bad model spoils the bunch
Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud, Umberto Michieli, Fabio Pizzati, Philip Torr, Adel Bibi, Bernard Ghanem, and Mete Ozay. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Wildguard: Open one-stop moderation tools for safety risks, jailbreaks, and refusals of llms
Seungju Han, Kavel Rao, Allyson Ettinger, Liwei Jiang, Bill Yuchen Lin, Nathan Lambert, Yejin Choi, and Nouha Dziri. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
What is in your safe data? identifying benign data that breaks safety
Luxi He, Mengzhou Xia, and Peter Henderson. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Trustllm: Trustworthiness in large language models
Yue Huang, Lichao Sun, Haoran Wang, Siyuan Wu, Qihui Zhang, Yuan Li, Chujie Gao, Yixin Huang, Wenhan Lyu, Yixuan Zhang, Xiner Li, Zhengliang Liu, Yixin Liu, Yijue Wang, Zhikun Zhang, Bertie Vidgen, Bhavya Kailkhura, Caiming Xiong, Chaowei Xiao, and 51 others. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Xiao Bi, Haowei Zhang, Mingchuan Zhang, Y. K. Li, Y. Wu, and Daya Guo. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
SPML: A DSL for defending language models against prompt attacks
Reshabh K Sharma, Vinayak Gupta, and Dan Grossman. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Safer-instruct: Aligning language models with automated preference data
Taiwei Shi, Kai Chen, and Jieyu Zhao. 2024 · 2024
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A strongREJECT for empty jailbreaks
Alexandra Souly, Qingyuan Lu, Dillon Bowen, Tu Trinh, Elvis Hsieh, Sana Pandey, Pieter Abbeel, Justin Svegliato, Scott Emmons, Olivia Watkins, and Sam Toyer. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
A comprehensive survey of LLM alignment techniques: RLHF, RLAIF, PPO, DPO and more
Zhichao Wang, Bin Bi, Shiva Kumar Pentyala, Kiran Ramnath, Sougata Chaudhuri, Shubham Mehrotra, Zixu, Zhu, Xiang-Bo Mao, Sitaram Asur, Na, and Cheng. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Jailbreak and guard aligned language models with only few in-context demonstrations
Zeming Wei, Yifei Wang, Ang Li, Yichuan Mo, and Yisen Wang. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
A new era in llm security: Exploring security concerns in real-world llm-based systems
Fangzhou Wu, Ning Zhang, Somesh Jha, Patrick McDaniel, and Chaowei Xiao. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Jailbreak attacks and defenses against large language models: A survey
Sibo Yi, Yule Liu, Zhen Sun, Tianshuo Cong, Xinlei He, Jiaxing Song, Ke Xu, and Qi Li. 2024 · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Sai Krishna Mendu, Harish Yenala, Aditi Gulati, Shanu Kumar, and Parag Agrawal. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.
Large language models: A survey
Shervin Minaee, Tomas Mikolov, Narjes Nikzad, Meysam Chenaghlu, Richard Socher, Xavier Amatriain, and Jianfeng Gao. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.
Qwen, :, An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Yang, Jiaxi Yang, Jingren Zhou, and 25 others. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.
Turning the spell around: Lightweight alignment amplification via rank-one safety injection
Harethah Abu Shairah, Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud, George Turkiyyah, and Bernard Ghanem. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.
Mrinank Sharma, Meg Tong, Jesse Mu, Jerry Wei, Jorrit Kruthoff, Scott Goodfriend, Euan Ong, Alwin Peng, Raj Agarwal, Cem Anil, Amanda Askell, Nathan Bailey, Joe Benton, Emma Bluemke, Samuel R. Bowman, Eric Christiansen, Hoagy Cunningham, Andy Dau, Anjali Gopal, and 24 others. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.
RoleBreak: Character hallucination as a jailbreak attack in role-playing systems
Yihong Tang, Bo Wang, Xu Wang, Dongming Zhao, Jing Liu, Ruifang He, and Yuexian Hou. 2025 · 2025
Closest in time.