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Long chain-of-thought (Long-CoT) reasoning improves accuracy in LLMs, yet its verbose, self-reflective style often hinders effective distillation into small language models (SLMs).
Hierarchical models in the brain
Karl Friston. 2008 · 2008
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, and 1 others. 2021 · 2021
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, and 1 others. 2022 · 2022
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Let’s verify step by step
Hunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yuri Burda, Harrison Edwards, Bowen Baker, Teddy Lee, Jan Leike, John Schulman, Ilya Sutskever, and Karl Cobbe. 2023 · 2023
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Distilling reasoning capabilities into smaller language models
Kumar Shridhar, Alessandro Stolfo, and Mrinmaya Sachan. 2023 · 2023
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Challenging big-bench tasks and whether chain-of-thought can solve them
Mirac Suzgun, Nathan Scales, Nathanael Schärli, Sebastian Gehrmann, Yi Tay, Hyung Won Chung, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Quoc Le, Ed Chi, Denny Zhou, and 1 others. 2023 · 2023
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Token-budget-aware llm reasoning
Tingxu Han, Zhenting Wang, Chunrong Fang, Shiyu Zhao, Shiqing Ma, and Zhenyu Chen. 2024 · 2024
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Aaron Jaech, Adam Kalai, Adam Lerer, Adam Richardson, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aiden Low, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Alex Beutel, Alex Carney, and 1 others. 2024 · 2024
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The impact of reasoning step length on large language models
Mingyu Jin, Qinkai Yu, Dong Shu, Haiyan Zhao, Wenyue Hua, Yanda Meng, Yongfeng Zhang, and Mengnan Du. 2024 · 2024
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Llmlingua-2: Data distillation for efficient and faithful task-agnostic prompt compression
Zhuoshi Pan, Qianhui Wu, Huiqiang Jiang, Menglin Xia, Xufang Luo, Jue Zhang, Qingwei Lin, Victor Rühle, Yuqing Yang, Chin-Yew Lin, and 1 others. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Aligning large and small language models via chain-of-thought reasoning
Leonardo Ranaldi and Andre Freitas. 2024 · 2024
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Logicasker: Evaluating and improving the logical reasoning ability of large language models
Yuxuan Wan, Wenxuan Wang, Yiliu Yang, Youliang Yuan, Jen-tse Huang, Pinjia He, Wenxiang Jiao, and Michael Lyu. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Buffer of thoughts: Thought-augmented reasoning with large language models
Ling Yang, Zhaochen Yu, Tianjun Zhang, Shiyi Cao, Minkai Xu, Wentao Zhang, Joseph E Gonzalez, and Bin Cui. 2024 · 2024
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Learn beyond the answer: Training language models with reflection for mathematical reasoning
Zhihan Zhang, Tao Ge, Zhenwen Liang, Wenhao Yu, Dian Yu, Mengzhao Jia, Dong Yu, and Meng Jiang. 2024b · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Small models struggle to learn from strong reasoners
Yuetai Li, Xiang Yue, Zhangchen Xu, Fengqing Jiang, Luyao Niu, Bill Yuchen Lin, Bhaskar Ramasubramanian, and Radha Poovendran. 2025 · 2025
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Adaptive graph of thoughts: Test-time adaptive reasoning unifying chain, tree, and graph structures
Tushar Pandey, Ara Ghukasyan, Oktay Goktas, and Santosh Kumar Radha. 2025 · 2025
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Light-r1: Curriculum sft, dpo and rl for long cot from scratch and beyond
Liang Wen, Yunke Cai, Fenrui Xiao, Xin He, Qi An, Zhenyu Duan, Yimin Du, Junchen Liu, Lifu Tang, Xiaowei Lv, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
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Tokenskip: Controllable chain-of-thought compression in llms
Heming Xia, Yongqi Li, Chak Tou Leong, Wenjie Wang, and Wenjie Li. 2025 · 2025
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Towards reasoning era: A survey of long chain-of-thought for reasoning large language models
Qiguang Chen, Libo Qin, Jinhao Liu, Dengyun Peng, Jiannan Guan, Peng Wang, Mengkang Hu, Yuhang Zhou, Te Gao, and Wanxiang Che. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Thinkprune: Pruning long chain-of-thought of llms via reinforcement learning
Bairu Hou, Yang Zhang, Jiabao Ji, Yujian Liu, Kaizhi Qian, Jacob Andreas, and Shiyu Chang. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Bespoke-stratos: The unreasonable effectiveness of reasoning distillation
Bespoke Labs. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models
Edward J Hu, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, Weizhu Chen, and 1 others
Cited in the paper.
O1-pruner: Length-harmonizing fine-tuning for o1-like reasoning pruning
Haotian Luo, Li Shen, Haiying He, Yibo Wang, Shiwei Liu, Wei Li, Naiqiang Tan, Xiaochun Cao, and Dacheng Tao. 2025a
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Yijia Luo, Yulin Song, Xingyao Zhang, Jiaheng Liu, Weixun Wang, GengRu Chen, Wenbo Su, and Bo Zheng. 2025b
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Markov chain of thought for efficient mathematical reasoning
Wen Yang, Minpeng Liao, and Kai Fan. 2025 · 2025
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Limo: Less is more for reasoning
Yixin Ye, Zhen Huang, Yang Xiao, Ethan Chern, Shijie Xia, and Pengfei Liu. 2025 · 2025
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Demystifying long chain-of-thought reasoning in llms
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Swift: a scalable lightweight infrastructure for fine-tuning
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