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Pioneering token-based works such as Chameleon and Emu3 have established a foundation for multimodal unification but face challenges of high training computational overhead and limited comprehension performance due to a lack of high-level semantics.
Learning generative visual models from few training examples: An incremental bayesian approach tested on 101 object categories
Li Fei-Fei, Rob Fergus, and Pietro Perona · 2004
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Automated flower classification over a large number of classes
Maria-Elena Nilsback and Andrew Zisserman · 2008
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Imagenet: A large-scale hierarchical image database
Jia Deng, Wei Dong, Richard Socher, Li-Jia Li, Kai Li, and Li Fei-Fei · 2009
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Sun database: Large-scale scene recognition from abbey to zoo
Jianxiong Xiao, James Hays, Krista A Ehinger, Aude Oliva, and Antonio Torralba · 2010
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Cats and dogs
Omkar M Parkhi, Andrea Vedaldi, Andrew Zisserman, and CV Jawahar · 2012
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3d object representations for fine-grained categorization
Jonathan Krause, Michael Stark, Jia Deng, and Li Fei-Fei · 2013
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Fine-grained visual classification of aircraft
Subhransu Maji, Esa Rahtu, Juho Kannala, Matthew Blaschko, and Andrea Vedaldi · 2013
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Food-101–mining discriminative components with random forests
Lukas Bossard, Matthieu Guillaumin, and Luc Van Gool · 2014
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Microsoft coco captions: Data collection and evaluation server
Xinlei Chen, Hao Fang, Tsung-Yi Lin, Ramakrishna Vedantam, Saurabh Gupta, Piotr Dollár, and C Lawrence Zitnick · 2015
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Neural discrete representation learning
Aaron Van Den Oord, Oriol Vinyals, et al · 2017
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Gqa: A new dataset for real-world visual reasoning and compositional question answering
Drew A Hudson and Christopher D Manning · 2019
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Generating diverse high-fidelity images with vq-vae-2
Ali Razavi, Aaron Van den Oord, and Oriol Vinyals · 2019
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Conceptual 12m: Pushing web-scale image-text pre-training to recognize long-tail visual concepts
Soravit Changpinyo, Piyush Sharma, Nan Ding, and Radu Soricut · 2021
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Taming transformers for high-resolution image synthesis
Patrick Esser, Robin Rombach, and Bjorn Ommer · 2021
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Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision
Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et al · 2021
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Laion-400m: Open dataset of clip-filtered 400 million image-text pairs
Christoph Schuhmann, Richard Vencu, Romain Beaumont, Robert Kaczmarczyk, Clayton Mullis, Aarush Katta, Theo Coombes, Jenia Jitsev, and Aran Komatsuzaki · 2021
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Vector-quantized image modeling with improved vqgan
Jiahui Yu, Xin Li, Jing Yu Koh, Han Zhang, Ruoming Pang, James Qin, Alexander Ku, Yuanzhong Xu, Jason Baldridge, and Yonghui Wu · 2021
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Coyo-700m: Image-text pair dataset
Minwoo Byeon, Beomhee Park, Haecheon Kim, Sungjun Lee, Woonhyuk Baek, and Saehoon Kim · 2022
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Maskgit: Masked generative image transformer
Huiwen Chang, Han Zhang, Lu Jiang, Ce Liu, and William T Freeman · 2022
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Autoregressive image generation using residual quantization
Doyup Lee, Chiheon Kim, Saehoon Kim, Minsu Cho, and Wook-Shin Han · 2022
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Laion-5b: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text models
Christoph Schuhmann, Romain Beaumont, Richard Vencu, Cade Gordon, Ross Wightman, Mehdi Cherti, Theo Coombes, Aarush Katta, Clayton Mullis, Mitchell Wortsman, et al · 2022
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Qwen-vl: A frontier large vision-language model with versatile abilities
Jinze Bai, Shuai Bai, Shusheng Yang, Shijie Wang, Sinan Tan, Peng Wang, Junyang Lin, Chang Zhou, and Jingren Zhou · 2023
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Reproducible scaling laws for contrastive language-image learning
Mehdi Cherti, Romain Beaumont, Ross Wightman, Mitchell Wortsman, Gabriel Ilharco, Cade Gordon, Christoph Schuhmann, Ludwig Schmidt, and Jenia Jitsev · 2023
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Instructblip: Towards general-purpose vision-language models with instruction tuning, 2023
Wenliang Dai, Junnan Li, Dongxu Li, Anthony Meng Huat Tiong, Junqi Zhao, Weisheng Wang, Boyang Li, Pascale Fung, and Steven Hoi · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Dreamllm: Synergistic multimodal comprehension and creation
Runpei Dong, Chunrui Han, Yuang Peng, Zekun Qi, Zheng Ge, Jinrong Yang, Liang Zhao, Jianjian Sun, Hongyu Zhou, Haoran Wei, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Alex Fang, Albin Madappally Jose, Amit Jain, Ludwig Schmidt, Alexander Toshev, and Vaishaal Shankar · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Mme: A comprehensive evaluation benchmark for multimodal large language models
Chaoyou Fu, Peixian Chen, Yunhang Shen, Yulei Qin, Mengdan Zhang, Xu Lin, Jinrui Yang, Xiawu Zheng, Ke Li, Xing Sun, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Tokenflow: Unified image tokenizer for multimodal understanding and generation
Liao Qu, Huichao Zhang, Yiheng Liu, Xu Wang, Yi Jiang, Yiming Gao, Hu Ye, Daniel K Du, Zehuan Yuan, and Xinglong Wu · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Chameleon: Mixed-modal early-fusion foundation models
Chameleon Team · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Visual autoregressive modeling: Scalable image generation via next-scale prediction
Keyu Tian, Yi Jiang, Zehuan Yuan, Bingyue Peng, and Liwei Wang · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Metamorph: Multimodal understanding and generation via instruction tuning
Shengbang Tong, David Fan, Jiachen Zhu, Yunyang Xiong, Xinlei Chen, Koustuv Sinha, Michael Rabbat, Yann LeCun, Saining Xie, and Zhuang Liu · 2024
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Samir Yitzhak Gadre, Gabriel Ilharco, Alex Fang, Jonathan Hayase, Georgios Smyrnis, Thao Nguyen, Ryan Marten, Mitchell Wortsman, Dhruba Ghosh, Jieyu Zhang, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Making llama see and draw with seed tokenizer
Yuying Ge, Sijie Zhao, Ziyun Zeng, Yixiao Ge, Chen Li, Xintao Wang, and Ying Shan · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Unified language-vision pretraining with dynamic discrete visual tokenization
Yang Jin, Kun Xu, Liwei Chen, Chao Liao, Jianchao Tan, Bin Chen, Chenyi Lei, An Liu, Chengru Song, Xiaoqiang Lei, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Visual instruction tuning
Haotian Liu, Chunyuan Li, Qingyang Wu, and Yong Jae Lee · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Sdxl: Improving latent diffusion models for high-resolution image synthesis
Dustin Podell, Zion English, Kyle Lacey, Andreas Blattmann, Tim Dockhorn, Jonas Müller, Joe Penna, and Robin Rombach · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Emu: Generative pretraining in multimodality
Quan Sun, Qiying Yu, Yufeng Cui, Fan Zhang, Xiaosong Zhang, Yueze Wang, Hongcheng Gao, Jingjing Liu, Tiejun Huang, and Xinlong Wang · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Next-gpt: Any-to-any multimodal llm
Shengqiong Wu, Hao Fei, Leigang Qu, Wei Ji, and Tat-Seng Chua · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Hu Xu, Saining Xie, Xiaoqing Ellen Tan, Po-Yao Huang, Russell Howes, Vasu Sharma, Shang-Wen Li, Gargi Ghosh, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Christoph Feichtenhofer · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, et al · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Capsfusion: Rethinking image-text data at scale
Qiying Yu, Quan Sun, Xiaosong Zhang, Yufeng Cui, Fan Zhang, Yue Cao, Xinlong Wang, and Jingjing Liu · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Mmmu: A massive multi-discipline multimodal understanding and reasoning benchmark for expert agi
Xiang Yue, Yuansheng Ni, Kai Zhang, Tianyu Zheng, Ruoqi Liu, Ge Zhang, Samuel Stevens, Dongfu Jiang, Weiming Ren, Yuxuan Sun, et al · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Cosmos world foundation model platform for physical ai
Niket Agarwal, Arslan Ali, Maciej Bala, Yogesh Balaji, Erik Barker, Tiffany Cai, Prithvijit Chattopadhyay, Yongxin Chen, Yin Cui, Yifan Ding, et al · 2025
Closest in time.
Ming-lite-uni: Advancements in unified architecture for natural multimodal interaction
Inclusion AI, Biao Gong, Cheng Zou, Dandan Zheng, Hu Yu, Jingdong Chen, Jianxin Sun, Junbo Zhao, Jun Zhou, Kaixiang Ji, et al · 2025
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Emerging properties in unified multimodal pretraining
Chaorui Deng, Deyao Zhu, Kunchang Li, Chenhui Gou, Feng Li, Zeyu Wang, Shu Zhong, Weihao Yu, Xiaonan Nie, Ziang Song, et al · 2025
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X-omni: Reinforcement learning makes discrete autoregressive image generative models great again
Zigang Geng, Yibing Wang, Yeyao Ma, Chen Li, Yongming Rao, Shuyang Gu, Zhao Zhong, Qinglin Lu, Han Hu, Xiaosong Zhang, et al · 2025
Closest in time.
Vision as a dialect: Unifying visual understanding and generation via text-aligned representations
Jiaming Han, Hao Chen, Yang Zhao, Hanyu Wang, Qi Zhao, Ziyan Yang, Hao He, Xiangyu Yue, and Lu Jiang · 2025
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T2i-r1: Reinforcing image generation with collaborative semantic-level and token-level cot
Dongzhi Jiang, Ziyu Guo, Renrui Zhang, Zhuofan Zong, Hao Li, Le Zhuo, Shilin Yan, Pheng-Ann Heng, and Hongsheng Li · 2025
Closest in time.
Unitoken: Harmonizing multimodal understanding and generation through unified visual encoding
Yang Jiao, Haibo Qiu, Zequn Jie, Shaoxiang Chen, Jingjing Chen, Lin Ma, and Yu-Gang Jiang · 2025
Closest in time.
Addendum to gpt-4o system card: 4o image generation, 2025
OpenAI · 2025
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Transfer between modalities with metaqueries
Xichen Pan, Satya Narayan Shukla, Aashu Singh, Zhuokai Zhao, Shlok Kumar Mishra, Jialiang Wang, Zhiyang Xu, Jiuhai Chen, Kunpeng Li, Felix Juefei-Xu, et al · 2025
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Visual autoregressive modeling: Scalable image generation via next-scale prediction
Keyu Tian, Yi Jiang, Zehuan Yuan, Bingyue Peng, and Liwei Wang · 2025
Closest in time.
Michael Tschannen, Alexey Gritsenko, Xiao Wang, Muhammad Ferjad Naeem, Ibrahim Alabdulmohsin, Nikhil Parthasarathy, Talfan Evans, Lucas Beyer, Ye Xia, Basil Mustafa, et al · 2025
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Harmonizing visual representations for unified multimodal understanding and generation
Size Wu, Wenwei Zhang, Lumin Xu, Sheng Jin, Zhonghua Wu, Qingyi Tao, Wentao Liu, Wei Li, and Chen Change Loy · 2025
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Mindomni: Unleashing reasoning generation in vision language models with rgpo
Yicheng Xiao, Lin Song, Yukang Chen, Yingmin Luo, Yuxin Chen, Yukang Gan, Wei Huang, Xiu Li, Xiaojuan Qi, and Ying Shan · 2025
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Show-o2: Improved native unified multimodal models
Jinheng Xie, Zhenheng Yang, and Mike Zheng Shou · 2025
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Yue Zhao, Fuzhao Xue, Scott Reed, Linxi Fan, Yuke Zhu, Jan Kautz, Zhiding Yu, Philipp Krähenbühl, and De-An Huang · 2025
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Scale up composed image retrieval learning via modification text generation
Yinan Zhou, Yaxiong Wang, Haokun Lin, Chen Ma, Li Zhu, and Zhedong Zheng · 2025
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