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Unified multimodal models aim to integrate understanding (text output) and generation (pixel output), but aligning these different modalities within a single architecture often demands complex training recipes and careful data balancing.
Gans trained by a two time-scale update rule converge to a local nash equilibrium
Martin Heusel, Hubert Ramsauer, Thomas Unterthiner, Bernhard Nessler, and Sepp Hochreiter · 2017
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Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin · 2019
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al · 2020
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Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision
Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et al · 2021
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Zero-shot text-to-image generation
Aditya Ramesh, Mikhail Pavlov, Gabriel Goh, Scott Gray, Chelsea Voss, Alec Radford, Mark Chen, and Ilya Sutskever · 2021
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High-resolution image synthesis with latent diffusion models
Robin Rombach, Andreas Blattmann, Dominik Lorenz, Patrick Esser, and Björn Ommer · 2021
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Flamingo: a visual language model for few-shot learning
Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jeff Donahue, Pauline Luc, Antoine Miech, Iain Barr, Yana Hasson, Karel Lenc, Arthur Mensch, Katherine Millican, Malcolm Reynolds, et al · 2022
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Scaling autoregressive models for content-rich text-to-image generation
Jiahui Yu, Yuanzhong Xu, Jing Yu Koh, Thang Luong, Gunjan Baid, Zirui Wang, Vijay Vasudevan, Alexander Ku, Yinfei Yang, Burcu Karagol Ayan, et al · 2022
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Instructpix2pix: Learning to follow image editing instructions
Tim Brooks, Aleksander Holynski, and Alexei A Efros · 2023
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Re-imagen: Retrieval-augmented text-to-image generator
Wenhu Chen, Hexiang Hu, Chitwan Saharia, and William W Cohen · 2023
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Mme: A comprehensive evaluation benchmark for multimodal large language models
Chaoyou Fu, Peixian Chen, Yunhang Shen, Yulei Qin, Mengdan Zhang, Xu Lin, Jinrui Yang, Xiawu Zheng, Ke Li, Xing Sun, et al · 2023
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An image is worth one word: Personalizing text-to-image generation using textual inversion
Rinon Gal, Yuval Alaluf, Yuval Atzmon, Or Patashnik, Amit H Bermano, Gal Chechik, and Daniel Cohen-Or · 2023
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Planting a seed of vision in large language model
Yuying Ge, Yixiao Ge, Ziyun Zeng, Xintao Wang, and Ying Shan · 2023
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Geneval: An object-focused framework for evaluating text-to-image alignment
Dhruba Ghosh, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Ludwig Schmidt · 2023
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Generating images with multimodal language models
Jing Yu Koh, Daniel Fried, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov · 2023
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Mmbench: Is your multi-modal model an all-around player?
Yuan Liu, Haodong Duan, Yuanhan Zhang, Bo Li, Songyang Zhang, Wangbo Zhao, Yike Yuan, Jiaqi Wang, Conghui He, Ziwei Liu, et al · 2023
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Sdxl: Improving latent diffusion models for high-resolution image synthesis
Dustin Podell, Zion English, Kyle Lacey, Andreas Blattmann, Tim Dockhorn, Jonas Müller, Joe Penna, and Robin Rombach · 2023
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Dreambooth: Fine tuning text-to-image diffusion models for subject-driven generation
Nataniel Ruiz, Yuanzhen Li, Varun Jampani, Yael Pritch, Michael Rubinstein, and Kfir Aberman · 2023
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Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models
Hugo Touvron, Thibaut Lavril, Gautier Izacard, Xavier Martinet, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Timothée Lacroix, Baptiste Rozière, Naman Goyal, Eric Hambro, Faisal Azhar, et al · 2023
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Next-gpt: Any-to-any multimodal llm
Shengqiong Wu, Hao Fei, Leigang Qu, Wei Ji, and Tat-Seng Chua · 2023
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Mm-vet: Evaluating large multimodal models for integrated capabilities
Weihao Yu, Zhengyuan Yang, Linjie Li, Jianfeng Wang, Kevin Lin, Zicheng Liu, Xinchao Wang, and Lijuan Wang · 2023
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Sigmoid loss for language image pre-training
Metamorph: Multimodal understanding and generation via instruction tuning
Shengbang Tong, David Fan, Jiachen Zhu, Yunyang Xiong, Xinlei Chen, Koustuv Sinha, Michael Rabbat, Yann LeCun, Saining Xie, and Zhuang Liu · 2024
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Emu3: Next-token prediction is all you need
Xinlong Wang, Xiaosong Zhang, Zhengxiong Luo, Quan Sun, Yufeng Cui, Jinsheng Wang, Fan Zhang, Yueze Wang, Zhen Li, Qiying Yu, et al · 2024
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Show-o: One single transformer to unify multimodal understanding and generation
Jinheng Xie, Weijia Mao, Zechen Bai, David Junhao Zhang, Weihao Wang, Kevin Qinghong Lin, Yuchao Gu, Zhijie Chen, Zhenheng Yang, and Mike Zheng Shou · 2024
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Mmmu: A massive multi-discipline multimodal understanding and reasoning benchmark for expert agi
Xiang Yue, Yuansheng Ni, Kai Zhang, Tianyu Zheng, Ruoqi Liu, Ge Zhang, Samuel Stevens, Dongfu Jiang, Weiming Ren, Yuxuan Sun, et al · 2024
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Xiaohua Zhai, Basil Mustafa, Alexander Kolesnikov, and Lucas Beyer · 2023
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Multimodal C4: An open, billion-scale corpus of images interleaved with text
Wanrong Zhu, Jack Hessel, Anas Awadalla, Samir Yitzhak Gadre, Jesse Dodge, Alex Fang, Youngjae Yu, Ludwig Schmidt, William Yang Wang, and Yejin Choi · 2023
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Pixart-alpha: Fast training of diffusion transformer for photorealistic text-to-image synthesis
Junsong Chen, Jincheng Yu, Chongjian Ge, Lewei Yao, Enze Xie, Yue Wu, Zhongdao Wang, James Kwok, Ping Luo, Huchuan Lu, et al · 2024
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Dreamllm: Synergistic multimodal comprehension and creation
Runpei Dong, Chunrui Han, Yuang Peng, Zekun Qi, Zheng Ge, Jinrong Yang, Liang Zhao, Jianjian Sun, Hongyu Zhou, Haoran Wei, et al · 2024
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Scaling rectified flow transformers for high-resolution image synthesis
Patrick Esser, Sumith Kulal, Andreas Blattmann, Rahim Entezari, Jonas Müller, Harry Saini, Yam Levi, Dominik Lorenz, Axel Sauer, Frederic Boesel, et al · 2024
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Commonsense-t2i challenge: Can text-to-image generation models understand commonsense?
Xingyu Fu, Muyu He, Yujie Lu, William Yang Wang, and Dan Roth · 2024
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Seed-x: Multimodal models with unified multi-granularity comprehension and generation
Yuying Ge, Sijie Zhao, Jinguo Zhu, Yixiao Ge, Kun Yi, Lin Song, Chen Li, Xiaohan Ding, and Ying Shan · 2024
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Unified language-vision pretraining with dynamic discrete visual tokenization
Yang Jin, Kun Xu, Liwei Chen, Chao Liao, Jianchao Tan, Bin Chen, Chenyi Lei, An Liu, Chengru Song, Xiaoqiang Lei, et al · 2024
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Magiclens: Self-supervised image retrieval with open-ended instructions
Kai Zhang, Yi Luan, Hexiang Hu, Kenton Lee, Siyuan Qiao, Wenhu Chen, Yu Su, and Ming-Wei Chang · 2024
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Lumina-next: Making lumina-t2x stronger and faster with next-dit
Le Zhuo, Ruoyi Du, Han Xiao, Yangguang Li, Dongyang Liu, Rongjie Huang, Wenze Liu, Lirui Zhao, Fu-Yun Wang, Zhanyu Ma, et al · 2024
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Janus-pro: Unified multimodal understanding and generation with data and model scaling
Xiaokang Chen, Zhiyu Wu, Xingchao Liu, Zizheng Pan, Wen Liu, Zhenda Xie, Xingkai Yu, and Chong Ruan · 2025
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Experiment with gemini 2.0 flash native image generation, 2025
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Janusflow: Harmonizing autoregression and rectified flow for unified multimodal understanding and generation
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Wise: A world knowledge-informed semantic evaluation for text-to-image generation
Yuwei Niu, Munan Ning, Mengren Zheng, Bin Lin, Peng Jin, Jiaqi Liao, Kunpeng Ning, Bin Zhu, and Li Yuan · 2025
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Introducing 4o image generation, 2025
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Omnigen: Unified image generation
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Sana: Efficient high-resolution image synthesis with linear diffusion transformers
Enze Xie, Junsong Chen, Junyu Chen, Han Cai, Haotian Tang, Yujun Lin, Zhekai Zhang, Muyang Li, Ligeng Zhu, Yao Lu, et al · 2025
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Gpt-imgeval: A comprehensive benchmark for diagnosing gpt4o in image generation
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Transfusion: Predict the next token and diffuse images with one multi-modal model
Chunting Zhou, Lili Yu, Arun Babu, Kushal Tirumala, Michihiro Yasunaga, Leonid Shamis, Jacob Kahn, Xuezhe Ma, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Omer Levy · 2025
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