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Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) perform strongly in complex reasoning tasks via Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting, but often suffer from verbose outputs, increasing computational overhead.
Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, and 1 others. 2021 · 2021
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Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math dataset
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul Arora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2021 · 2021
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Finetuned language models are zero-shot learners
Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin Guu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, Andrew M Dai, and Quoc V Le. 2021 · 2021
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, and 1 others. 2022 · 2022
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Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model
Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Christopher D Manning, Stefano Ermon, and Chelsea Finn. 2023 · 2023
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Do not think that much for 2+ 3=? on the overthinking of o1-like llms
Xingyu Chen, Jiahao Xu, Tian Liang, Zhiwei He, Jianhui Pang, Dian Yu, Linfeng Song, Qiuzhi Liu, Mengfei Zhou, Zhuosheng Zhang, and 1 others. 2024 · 2024
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Token-budget-aware llm reasoning
Tingxu Han, Zhenting Wang, Chunrong Fang, Shiyu Zhao, Shiqing Ma, and Zhenyu Chen. 2024 · 2024
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Training large language models to reason in a continuous latent space
Shibo Hao, Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, DiJia Su, Xian Li, Zhiting Hu, Jason Weston, and Yuandong Tian. 2024 · 2024
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Aaron Jaech, Adam Kalai, Adam Lerer, Adam Richardson, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aiden Low, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Alex Beutel, Alex Carney, and 1 others. 2024 · 2024
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Simpo: Simple preference optimization with a reference-free reward
Yu Meng, Mengzhou Xia, and Danqi Chen. 2024 · 2024
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Concise thoughts: Impact of output length on llm reasoning and cost
Sania Nayab, Giulio Rossolini, Marco Simoni, Andrea Saracino, Giorgio Buttazzo, Nicolamaria Manes, and Fabrizio Giacomelli. 2024 · 2024
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Routellm: Learning to route llms from preference data
Isaac Ong, Amjad Almahairi, Vincent Wu, Wei-Lin Chiang, Tianhao Wu, Joseph E Gonzalez, M Waleed Kadous, and Ion Stoica. 2024 · 2024
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Gpqa: A graduate-level google-proof q&a benchmark
David Rein, Betty Li Hou, Asa Cooper Stickland, Jackson Petty, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Julien Dirani, Julian Michael, and Samuel R Bowman. 2024 · 2024
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The benefits of a concise chain of thought on problem-solving in large language models
Matthew Renze and Erhan Guven. 2024 · 2024
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Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models
Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Xiao Bi, Haowei Zhang, Mingchuan Zhang, YK Li, Yang Wu, and 1 others. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Fast best-of-n decoding via speculative rejection
Hanshi Sun, Momin Haider, Ruiqi Zhang, Huitao Yang, Jiahao Qiu, Ming Yin, Mengdi Wang, Peter Bartlett, and Andrea Zanette. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Yang, Jiaxi Yang, Jingren Zhou, Junyang Lin, Kai Dang, and 22 others. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Llamafactory: Unified efficient fine-tuning of 100+ language models
Yaowei Zheng, Richong Zhang, Junhao Zhang, Yanhan Ye, Zheyan Luo, Zhangchi Feng, and Yongqiang Ma. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Cot-valve: Length-compressible chain-of-thought tuning
Xinyin Ma, Guangnian Wan, Runpeng Yu, Gongfan Fang, and Xinchao Wang. 2025 · 2025
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Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel Candès, and Tatsunori Hashimoto. 2025 · 2025
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Self-training elicits concise reasoning in large language models
Tergel Munkhbat, Namgyu Ho, Seo Hyun Kim, Yongjin Yang, Yujin Kim, and Se-Young Yun. 2025 · 2025
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A survey of efficient reasoning for large reasoning models: Language, multimodality, and beyond
Xiaoye Qu, Yafu Li, Zhaochen Su, Weigao Sun, Jianhao Yan, Dongrui Liu, Ganqu Cui, Daizong Liu, Shuxian Liang, Junxian He, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
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L1: Controlling how long a reasoning model thinks with reinforcement learning
Pranjal Aggarwal and Sean Welleck. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Training language models to reason efficiently
Daman Arora and Andrea Zanette. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Sketch-of-thought: Efficient llm reasoning with adaptive cognitive-inspired sketching
Simon A Aytes, Jinheon Baek, and Sung Ju Hwang. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Yu-Neng Chuang, Leisheng Yu, Guanchu Wang, Lizhe Zhang, Zirui Liu, Xuanting Cai, Yang Sui, Vladimir Braverman, and Xia Hu. 2025 · 2025
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Yingqian Cui, Pengfei He, Jingying Zeng, Hui Liu, Xianfeng Tang, Zhenwei Dai, Yan Han, Chen Luo, Jing Huang, Zhen Li, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Efficient reasoning models: A survey
Sicheng Feng, Gongfan Fang, Xinyin Ma, and Xinchao Wang. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Skywork open reasoner series
Jujie He, Jiacai Liu, Chris Yuhao Liu, Rui Yan, Chaojie Wang, Peng Cheng, Xiaoyu Zhang, Fuxiang Zhang, Jiacheng Xu, Wei Shen, Siyuan Li, Liang Zeng, Tianwen Wei, Cheng Cheng, Bo An, Yang Liu, and Yahui Zhou. 2025 · 2025
Cited alongside, same era.
QwQ: Reflect Deeply on the Boundaries of the Unknown
Qwen Team. 2024 · 2025
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Stop overthinking: A survey on efficient reasoning for large language models
Yang Sui, Yu-Neng Chuang, Guanchu Wang, Jiamu Zhang, Tianyi Zhang, Jiayi Yuan, Hongyi Liu, Andrew Wen, Hanjie Chen, Xia Hu, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
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Kimi k1. 5: Scaling reinforcement learning with llms
Kimi Team, Angang Du, Bofei Gao, Bowei Xing, Changjiu Jiang, Cheng Chen, Cheng Li, Chenjun Xiao, Chenzhuang Du, Chonghua Liao, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
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Thoughts are all over the place: On the underthinking of o1-like llms
Yue Wang, Qiuzhi Liu, Jiahao Xu, Tian Liang, Xingyu Chen, Zhiwei He, Linfeng Song, Dian Yu, Juntao Li, Zhuosheng Zhang, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
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When more is less: Understanding chain-of-thought length in llms
Yuyang Wu, Yifei Wang, Tianqi Du, Stefanie Jegelka, and Yisen Wang. 2025 · 2025
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Tokenskip: Controllable chain-of-thought compression in llms
Heming Xia, Yongqi Li, Chak Tou Leong, Wenjie Wang, and Wenjie Li. 2025 · 2025
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Chain of draft: Thinking faster by writing less
Silei Xu, Wenhao Xie, Lingxiao Zhao, and Pengcheng He. 2025 · 2025
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Dynamic early exit in reasoning models
Chenxu Yang, Qingyi Si, Yongjie Duan, Zheliang Zhu, Chenyu Zhu, Zheng Lin, Li Cao, and Weiping Wang. 2025 · 2025
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Dapo: An open-source llm reinforcement learning system at scale
Qiying Yu, Zheng Zhang, Ruofei Zhu, Yufeng Yuan, Xiaochen Zuo, Yu Yue, Tiantian Fan, Gaohong Liu, Lingjun Liu, Xin Liu, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
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Lightthinker: Thinking step-by-step compression
Jintian Zhang, Yuqi Zhu, Mengshu Sun, Yujie Luo, Shuofei Qiao, Lun Du, Da Zheng, Huajun Chen, and Ningyu Zhang. 2025 · 2025
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