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Large Language Models (LLMs) employ Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning to deconstruct complex problems.
A closer look at memorization in deep networks
Devansh Arpit, Stanisław Jastrzębski, Nicolas Ballas, David Krueger, Emmanuel Bengio, Maxinder S Kanwal, Tegan Maharaj, Asja Fischer, Aaron Courville, Yoshua Bengio, et al · 2017
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Proximal policy optimization algorithms, 2017
John Schulman, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov · 2017
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Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al · 2019
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What can neural networks reason about?
Keyulu Xu, Jingling Li, Mozhi Zhang, Simon S Du, Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi, and Stefanie Jegelka · 2019
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Chris Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei · 2020
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems, 2021
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, Christopher Hesse, and John Schulman · 2021
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The low-rank simplicity bias in deep networks
Minyoung Huh, Hossein Mobahi, Richard Zhang, Brian Cheung, Pulkit Agrawal, and Phillip Isola · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, brian ichter, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, and Denny Zhou · 2022
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Towards revealing the mystery behind chain of thought: A theoretical perspective
Guhao Feng, Bohang Zhang, Yuntian Gu, Haotian Ye, Di He, and Liwei Wang · 2023
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Complexity-based prompting for multi-step reasoning, 2023
Yao Fu, Hao Peng, Ashish Sabharwal, Peter Clark, and Tushar Khot · 2023
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Gpqa: A graduate-level google-proof q&a benchmark, 2023
David Rein, Betty Li Hou, Asa Cooper Stickland, Jackson Petty, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Julien Dirani, Julian Michael, and Samuel R. Bowman · 2023
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Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models
Hugo Touvron, Thibaut Lavril, Gautier Izacard, Xavier Martinet, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Timothée Lacroix, Baptiste Rozière, Naman Goyal, Eric Hambro, Faisal Azhar, et al · 2023
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Self-consistency improves chain of thought reasoning in language models
Xuezhi Wang, Jason Wei, Dale Schuurmans, Quoc V Le, Ed H. Chi, Sharan Narang, Aakanksha Chowdhery, and Denny Zhou · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models
Shunyu Yao, Dian Yu, Jeffrey Zhao, Izhak Shafran, Thomas L. Griffiths, Yuan Cao, and Karthik R Narasimhan · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Least-to-most prompting enables complex reasoning in large language models
Denny Zhou, Nathanael Schärli, Le Hou, Jason Wei, Nathan Scales, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Claire Cui, Olivier Bousquet, Quoc V Le, and Ed H. Chi · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language monkeys: Scaling inference compute with repeated sampling, 2024
Bradley Brown, Jordan Juravsky, Ryan Ehrlich, Ronald Clark, Quoc V. Le, Christopher Ré, and Azalia Mirhoseini · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Yingqian Cui, Pengfei He, Xianfeng Tang, Qi He, Chen Luo, Jiliang Tang, and Yue Xing · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Physics of language models: Part 2.1, grade-school math and the hidden reasoning process, 2024
Tian Ye, Zicheng Xu, Yuanzhi Li, and Zeyuan Allen-Zhu · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
An examination on the effectiveness of divide-and-conquer prompting in large language models, 2024
Yizhou Zhang, Lun Du, Defu Cao, Qiang Fu, and Yan Liu · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Yilong Chen, Junyuan Shang, Zhenyu Zhang, Yanxi Xie, Jiawei Sheng, Tingwen Liu, Shuohuan Wang, Yu Sun, Hua Wu, and Haifeng Wang · 2025
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Kanishk Gandhi, Ayush Chakravarthy, Anikait Singh, Nathan Lile, and Noah D. Goodman · 2025
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Tingxu Han, Zhenting Wang, Chunrong Fang, Shiyu Zhao, Shiqing Ma, and Zhenyu Chen · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
The impact of reasoning step length on large language models
Mingyu Jin, Qinkai Yu, Dong Shu, Haiyan Zhao, Wenyue Hua, Yanda Meng, Yongfeng Zhang, and Mengnan Du · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Dcr: Divide-and-conquer reasoning for multi-choice question answering with llms, 2024
Zijie Meng, Yan Zhang, Zhaopeng Feng, and Zuozhu Liu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Concise thoughts: Impact of output length on llm reasoning and cost, 2024
Sania Nayab, Giulio Rossolini, Giorgio Buttazzo, Nicolamaria Manes, and Fabrizio Giacomelli · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models, 2024
Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Xiao Bi, Haowei Zhang, Mingchuan Zhang, Y. K. Li, Y. Wu, and Daya Guo · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaling llm test-time compute optimally can be more effective than scaling model parameters, 2024
Charlie Snell, Jaehoon Lee, Kelvin Xu, and Aviral Kumar · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Understanding chain-of-thought in llms through information theory, 2024
Jean-Francois Ton, Muhammad Faaiz Taufiq, and Yang Liu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaling inference computation: Compute-optimal inference for problem-solving with language models
Yangzhen Wu, Zhiqing Sun, Shanda Li, Sean Welleck, and Yiming Yang · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Jonas Geiping, Sean McLeish, Neel Jain, John Kirchenbauer, Siddharth Singh, Brian R Bartoldson, Bhavya Kailkhura, Abhinav Bhatele, and Tom Goldstein · 2025
Closest in time.
Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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O1-pruner: Length-harmonizing fine-tuning for o1-like reasoning pruning
Haotian Luo, Li Shen, Haiying He, Yibo Wang, Shiwei Liu, Wei Li, Naiqiang Tan, Xiaochun Cao, and Dacheng Tao · 2025
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Cot-valve: Length-compressible chain-of-thought tuning
Xinyin Ma, Guangnian Wan, Runpeng Yu, Gongfan Fang, and Xinchao Wang · 2025
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Qwen2.5 technical report, 2025
Qwen, :, An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Yang, Jiaxi Yang, Jingren Zhou, Junyang Lin, Kai Dang, Keming Lu, Keqin Bao, Kexin Yang, Le Yu, Mei Li, Mingfeng Xue, Pei Zhang, Qin Zhu, Rui Men, Runji Lin, Tianhao Li, Tianyi Tang, Tingyu Xia, Xingzhang Ren, Xuancheng Ren, Yang Fan, Yang Su, Yichang Zhang, Yu Wan, Yuqiong Liu, Zeyu Cui, Zhenru Zhang, and Zihan Qiu · 2025
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Hybridflow: A flexible and efficient rlhf framework
Guangming Sheng, Chi Zhang, Zilingfeng Ye, Xibin Wu, Wang Zhang, Ru Zhang, Yanghua Peng, Haibin Lin, and Chuan Wu · 2025
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Stop overthinking: A survey on efficient reasoning for large language models
Yang Sui, Yu-Neng Chuang, Guanchu Wang, Jiamu Zhang, Tianyi Zhang, Jiayi Yuan, Hongyi Liu, Andrew Wen, Shaochen Zhong, Hanjie Chen, et al · 2025
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Leetcodedataset: A temporal dataset for robust evaluation and efficient training of code llms, 2025
Yunhui Xia, Wei Shen, Yan Wang, Jason Klein Liu, Huifeng Sun, Siyue Wu, Jian Hu, and Xiaolong Xu · 2025
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