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This paper proposes a query-level meta-agent named FlowReasoner to automate the design of query-level multi-agent systems, i.e., one system per user query.
Program synthesis with large language models
Jacob Austin, Augustus Odena, Maxwell Nye, Maarten Bosma, Henryk Michalewski, David Dohan, Ellen Jiang, Carrie Cai, Michael Terry, Quoc Le, et al · 2021
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Evaluating large language models trained on code
Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde De Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, Harri Edwards, Yuri Burda, Nicholas Joseph, Greg Brockman, et al · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
Large language models are zero-shot reasoners
Takeshi Kojima, Shixiang Shane Gu, Machel Reid, Yutaka Matsuo, and Yusuke Iwasawa · 2022
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Introducing chatgpt
OpenAI · 2022
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Improving factuality and reasoning in language models through multiagent debate, 2023
Yilun Du, Shuang Li, Antonio Torralba, Joshua B Tenenbaum, and Igor Mordatch · 2023
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Promptbreeder: Self-referential self-improvement via prompt evolution
Chrisantha Fernando, Dylan Banarse, Henryk Michalewski, Simon Osindero, and Tim Rocktäschel · 2023
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Think before you speak: Training language models with pause tokens
Sachin Goyal, Ziwei Ji, Ankit Singh Rawat, Aditya Krishna Menon, Sanjiv Kumar, and Vaishnavh Nagarajan · 2023
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Metagpt: Meta programming for multi-agent collaborative framework
Sirui Hong, Xiawu Zheng, Jonathan Chen, Yuheng Cheng, Jinlin Wang, Ceyao Zhang, Zili Wang, Steven Ka Shing Yau, Zijuan Lin, Liyang Zhou, et al · 2023
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Llm-blender: Ensembling large language models with pairwise ranking and generative fusion
Dongfu Jiang, Xiang Ren, and Bill Yuchen Lin · 2023
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Pei Ke, Bosi Wen, Zhuoer Feng, Xiao Liu, Xuanyu Lei, Jiale Cheng, Shengyuan Wang, Aohan Zeng, Yuxiao Dong, Hongning Wang, et al · 2023
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Camel: Communicative agents for" mind" exploration of large language model society
Guohao Li, Hasan Hammoud, Hani Itani, Dmitrii Khizbullin, and Bernard Ghanem · 2023
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Encouraging divergent thinking in large language models through multi-agent debate
Tian Liang, Zhiwei He, Wenxiang Jiao, Xing Wang, Yan Wang, Rui Wang, Yujiu Yang, Shuming Shi, and Zhaopeng Tu · 2023
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Dynamic llm-agent network: An llm-agent collaboration framework with agent team optimization
Zijun Liu, Yanzhe Zhang, Peng Li, Yang Liu, and Diyi Yang · 2023
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Self-refine: Iterative refinement with self-feedback
Aman Madaan, Niket Tandon, Prakhar Gupta, Skyler Hallinan, Luyu Gao, Sarah Wiegreffe, Uri Alon, Nouha Dziri, Shrimai Prabhumoye, Yiming Yang, et al · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Generative agents: Interactive simulacra of human behavior
Joon Sung Park, Joseph O’Brien, Carrie Jun Cai, Meredith Ringel Morris, Percy Liang, and Michael S Bernstein · 2023
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Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model
Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Christopher D Manning, Stefano Ermon, and Chelsea Finn · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Plan-and-solve prompting: Improving zero-shot chain-of-thought reasoning by large language models
Lei Wang, Wanyu Xu, Yihuai Lan, Zhiqiang Hu, Yunshi Lan, Roy Ka-Wei Lee, and Ee-Peng Lim · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Autogen: Enabling next-gen llm applications via multi-agent conversation
Qingyun Wu, Gagan Bansal, Jieyu Zhang, Yiran Wu, Beibin Li, Erkang Zhu, Li Jiang, Xiaoyun Zhang, Shaokun Zhang, Jiale Liu, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language models as optimizers
Chengrun Yang, Xuezhi Wang, Yifeng Lu, Hanxiao Liu, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, and Xinyun Chen · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Aixin Liu, Bei Feng, Bing Xue, Bingxuan Wang, Bochao Wu, Chengda Lu, Chenggang Zhao, Chengqi Deng, Chenyu Zhang, Chong Ruan, et al · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Learning to reason with llms
OpenAI · 2024
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Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context
Machel Reid, Nikolay Savinov, Denis Teplyashin, Dmitry Lepikhin, Timothy Lillicrap, Jean-baptiste Alayrac, Radu Soricut, Angeliki Lazaridou, Orhan Firat, Julian Schrittwieser, et al · 2024
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Archon: An architecture search framework for inference-time techniques
Jon Saad-Falcon, Adrian Gamarra Lafuente, Shlok Natarajan, Nahum Maru, Hristo Todorov, Etash Guha, E Kelly Buchanan, Mayee Chen, Neel Guha, Christopher Ré, et al · 2024
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Agentsquare: Automatic llm agent search in modular design space
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Mingchen Zhuge, Haozhe Liu, Francesco Faccio, Dylan R Ashley, Róbert Csordás, Anand Gopalakrishnan, Abdullah Hamdi, Hasan Abed Al Kader Hammoud, Vincent Herrmann, Kazuki Irie, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Introducing computer use, a new claude 3.5 sonnet, and claude 3.5 haiku
Anthropic · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Abstraction and reasoning corpus for artificial general intelligence
ARC-AGI · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Do not think that much for 2+ 3=? on the overthinking of o1-like llms
Xingyu Chen, Jiahao Xu, Tian Liang, Zhiwei He, Jianhui Pang, Dian Yu, Linfeng Song, Qiuzhi Liu, Mengfei Zhou, Zhuosheng Zhang, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Introducing devin, the first ai software engineer
CognitionAI · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language model based multi-agents: A survey of progress and challenges
Taicheng Guo, Xiuying Chen, Yaqi Wang, Ruidi Chang, Shichao Pei, Nitesh V Chawla, Olaf Wiest, and Xiangliang Zhang · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Training large language models to reason in a continuous latent space
Shibo Hao, Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, DiJia Su, Xian Li, Zhiting Hu, Jason Weston, and Yuandong Tian · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Automated design of agentic systems
Shengran Hu, Cong Lu, and Jeff Clune · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Yu Shang, Yu Li, Keyu Zhao, Likai Ma, Jiahe Liu, Fengli Xu, and Yong Li · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, et al · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Evoagent: Towards automatic multi-agent generation via evolutionary algorithms
Siyu Yuan, Kaitao Song, Jiangjie Chen, Xu Tan, Dongsheng Li, and Deqing Yang · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Textgrad: Automatic" differentiation" via text
Mert Yuksekgonul, Federico Bianchi, Joseph Boen, Sheng Liu, Zhi Huang, Carlos Guestrin, and James Zou · 2024
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Llamafactory: Unified efficient fine-tuning of 100+ language models
Yaowei Zheng, Richong Zhang, Junhao Zhang, Yanhan Ye, Zheyan Luo, Zhangchi Feng, and Yongqiang Ma · 2024
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Gptswarm: Language agents as optimizable graphs
Mingchen Zhuge, Wenyi Wang, Louis Kirsch, Francesco Faccio, Dmitrii Khizbullin, and Jürgen Schmidhuber · 2024
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Bigcodebench: Benchmarking code generation with diverse function calls and complex instructions
Terry Yue Zhuo, Minh Chien Vu, Jenny Chim, Han Hu, Wenhao Yu, Ratnadira Widyasari, Imam Nur Bani Yusuf, Haolan Zhan, Junda He, Indraneil Paul, et al · 2024
Later among the works it cites.
Heterogeneous swarms: Jointly optimizing model roles and weights for multi-llm systems
Shangbin Feng, Zifeng Wang, Palash Goyal, Yike Wang, Weijia Shi, Huang Xia, Hamid Palangi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Yulia Tsvetkov, Chen-Yu Lee, et al · 2025
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Hongcheng Gao, Jiashu Qu, Jingyi Tang, Baolong Bi, Yue Liu, Hongyu Chen, Li Liang, Li Su, and Qingming Huang · 2025
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From system 1 to system 2: A survey of reasoning large language models
Zhong-Zhi Li, Duzhen Zhang, Ming-Liang Zhang, Jiaxin Zhang, Zengyan Liu, Yuxuan Yao, Haotian Xu, Junhao Zheng, Pei-Jie Wang, Xiuyi Chen, et al · 2025
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Introducing deep research
OpenAI · 2025
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Scoreflow: Mastering llm agent workflows via score-based preference optimization
Yinjie Wang, Ling Yang, Guohao Li, Mengdi Wang, and Bryon Aragam · 2025
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Multi-agent architecture search via agentic supernet
Guibin Zhang, Luyang Niu, Junfeng Fang, Kun Wang, Lei Bai, and Xiang Wang · 2025
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