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The current generation of large language models (LLMs) is typically designed for broad, general-purpose applications, while domain-specific LLMs, especially in vertical fields like medicine, remain relatively scarce.
Jec-qa: A legal-domain question answering dataset, 2019
Haoxi Zhong, Chaojun Xiao, Cunchao Tu, Tianyang Zhang, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun · 1911
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Neural machine translation of rare words with subword units
Rico Sennrich · 2015
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Mimic-iii, a freely accessible critical care database
Alistair EW Johnson, Tom J Pollard, Lu Shen, Li-wei H Lehman, Mengling Feng, Mohammad Ghassemi, Benjamin Moody, Peter Szolovits, Leo Anthony Celi, and Roger G Mark · 2016
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Decoupled weight decay regularization
Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter · 2017
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Proximal policy optimization algorithms
John Schulman, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov · 2017
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Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin · 2017
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Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord · 2018
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T Kudo · 2018
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Lessons from natural language inference in the clinical domain
Alexey Romanov and Chaitanya Shivade · 2018
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Pubmedqa: A dataset for biomedical research question answering
Qiao Jin, Bhuwan Dhingra, Zhengping Liu, William W Cohen, and Xinghua Lu · 2019
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Understanding and improving layer normalization
Jingjing Xu, Xu Sun, Zhiyuan Zhang, Guangxiang Zhao, and Junyang Lin · 2019
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Hellaswag: Can a machine really finish your sentence?
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Root mean square layer normalization
Biao Zhang and Rico Sennrich · 2019
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Piqa: Reasoning about physical commonsense in natural language
Yonatan Bisk, Rowan Zellers, Jianfeng Gao, Yejin Choi, et al · 2020
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2020
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Glu variants improve transformer
Noam Shazeer · 2020
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Biomegatron: larger biomedical domain language model
Hoo-Chang Shin, Yang Zhang, Evelina Bakhturina, Raul Puri, Mostofa Patwary, Mohammad Shoeybi, and Raghav Mani · 2020
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Program synthesis with large language models, 2021
Jacob Austin, Augustus Odena, Maxwell Nye, Maarten Bosma, Henryk Michalewski, David Dohan, Ellen Jiang, Carrie Cai, Michael Terry, Quoc Le, and Charles Sutton · 2021
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding, 2021
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
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What disease does this patient have? a large-scale open domain question answering dataset from medical exams
Di Jin, Eileen Pan, Nassim Oufattole, Wei-Hung Weng, Hanyi Fang, and Peter Szolovits · 2021
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Winogrande: An adversarial winograd schema challenge at scale
Keisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavatula, and Yejin Choi · 2021
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Searching for efficient transformers for language modeling
David So, Wojciech Mańke, Hanxiao Liu, Zihang Dai, Noam Shazeer, and Quoc V Le · 2021
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Hungry hungry hippos: Towards language modeling with state space models
Daniel Y Fu, Tri Dao, Khaled K Saab, Armin W Thomas, Atri Rudra, and Christopher Ré · 2022
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Introducing chatgpt
OpenAI · 2022
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Galactica: A large language model for science
Ross Taylor, Marcin Kardas, Guillem Cucurull, Thomas Scialom, Anthony Hartshorn, Elvis Saravia, Andrew Poulton, Viktor Kerkez, and Robert Stojnic · 2022
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Chain of thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Ed H. Chi, F. Xia, Quoc Le, and Denny Zhou · 2022
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Jinze Bai, Shuai Bai, Yunfei Chu, Zeyu Cui, Kai Dang, Xiaodong Deng, Yang Fan, Wenbin Ge, Yu Han, Fei Huang, et al · 2023
Sailor: Open language models for south-east asia
Longxu Dou, Qian Liu, Guangtao Zeng, Jia Guo, Jiahui Zhou, Wei Lu, and Min Lin · 2024
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Minicpm: Unveiling the potential of small language models with scalable training strategies
Shengding Hu, Yuge Tu, Xu Han, Chaoqun He, Ganqu Cui, Xiang Long, Zhi Zheng, Yewei Fang, Yuxiang Huang, Weilin Zhao, et al · 2024
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Qwen2.5-coder technical report
Binyuan Hui, Jian Yang, Zeyu Cui, Jiaxi Yang, Dayiheng Liu, Lei Zhang, Tianyu Liu, Jiajun Zhang, Bowen Yu, Keming Lu, Kai Dang, Yang Fan, Yichang Zhang, An Yang, Rui Men, Fei Huang, Bo Zheng, Yibo Miao, Shanghaoran Quan, Yunlong Feng, Xingzhang Ren, Xuancheng Ren, Jingren Zhou, and Junyang Lin · 2024
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Medcalc-bench: Evaluating large language models for medical calculations, 2024
Nikhil Khandekar, Qiao Jin, Guangzhi Xiong, Soren Dunn, Serina S Applebaum, Zain Anwar, Maame Sarfo-Gyamfi, Conrad W Safranek, Abid A Anwar, Andrew Zhang, Aidan Gilson, Maxwell B Singer, Amisha Dave, Andrew Taylor, Aidong Zhang, Qingyu Chen, and Zhiyong Lu · 2024
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C-eval: A multi-level multi-discipline chinese evaluation suite for foundation models
Yuzhen Huang, Yuzhuo Bai, Zhihao Zhu, Junlei Zhang, Jinghan Zhang, Tangjun Su, Junteng Liu, Chuancheng Lv, Yikai Zhang, Jiayi Lei, Yao Fu, Maosong Sun, and Junxian He · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Mimic-iv, a freely accessible electronic health record dataset
Alistair EW Johnson, Lucas Bulgarelli, Lu Shen, Alvin Gayles, Ayad Shammout, Steven Horng, Tom J Pollard, Sicheng Hao, Benjamin Moody, Brian Gow, et al · 2023
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OpenAI · 2023
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Rwkv: Reinventing rnns for the transformer era
Bo Peng, Eric Alcaide, Quentin Anthony, Alon Albalak, Samuel Arcadinho, Stella Biderman, Huanqi Cao, Xin Cheng, Michael Chung, Leon Derczynski, et al · 2023
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Chatgpt in medicine: Opportunity and challenges
Mohammad-Javad Sanaei, Mehrnaz Sadat Ravari, and Hassan Abolghasemi · 2023
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Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models, 2023
Hugo Touvron, Thibaut Lavril, Gautier Izacard, Xavier Martinet, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Timothée Lacroix, Baptiste Rozière, Naman Goyal, Eric Hambro, Faisal Azhar, Aurelien Rodriguez, Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, and Guillaume Lample · 2023
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Cmb: A comprehensive medical benchmark in chinese
Xidong Wang, Guiming Hardy Chen, Dingjie Song, Zhiyi Zhang, Zhihong Chen, Qingying Xiao, Feng Jiang, Jianquan Li, Xiang Wan, Benyou Wang, et al · 2023
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Rephrasing the web: A recipe for compute and data-efficient language modeling, 2024
Pratyush Maini, Skyler Seto, He Bai, David Grangier, Yizhe Zhang, and Navdeep Jaitly · 2024
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Shortgpt: Layers in large language models are more redundant than you expect
Xin Men, Mingyu Xu, Qingyu Zhang, Bingning Wang, Hongyu Lin, Yaojie Lu, Xianpei Han, and Weipeng Chen · 2024
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The fineweb datasets: Decanting the web for the finest text data at scale, 2024
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Chatgpt for conversational recommendation: Refining recommendations by reprompting with feedback
Kyle Dylan Spurlock, Cagla Acun, Esin Saka, and Olfa Nasraoui · 2024
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Roformer: Enhanced transformer with rotary position embedding
Jianlin Su, Murtadha Ahmed, Yu Lu, Shengfeng Pan, Wen Bo, and Yunfeng Liu · 2024
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Txt360: A top-quality llm pre-training dataset requires the perfect blend
Liping Tang, Nikhil Ranjan, Omkar Pangarkar, Xuezhi Liang, Zhen Wang, Li An, Bhaskar Rao, Linghao Jin, Huijuan Wang, Zhoujun Cheng, Suqi Sun, Cun Mu, Victor Miller, Xuezhe Ma, Yue Peng, Zhengzhong Liu, and Eric P. Xing · 2024
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Gemma 2: Improving open language models at a practical size
Gemma Team, Morgane Riviere, Shreya Pathak, Pier Giuseppe Sessa, Cassidy Hardin, Surya Bhupatiraju, Léonard Hussenot, Thomas Mesnard, Bobak Shahriari, Alexandre Ramé, et al · 2024
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An empirical study of mamba-based language models
Roger Waleffe, Wonmin Byeon, Duncan Riach, Brandon Norick, Vijay Anand Korthikanti, Tri Dao, Albert Gu, Ali Hatamizadeh, Sudhakar Singh, Deepak Narayanan, Garvit Kulshreshtha, Vartika Singh, Jared Casper, Jan Kautz, Mohammad Shoeybi, and Bryan Catanzaro · 2024
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Large language models in medical and healthcare fields: applications, advances, and challenges
Dandan Wang and Shiqing Zhang · 2024
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Retrieval head mechanistically explains long-context factuality
Wenhao Wu, Yizhong Wang, Guangxuan Xiao, Hao Peng, and Yao Fu · 2024
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Clinicallab: Aligning agents for multi-departmental clinical diagnostics in the real world
Weixiang Yan, Haitian Liu, Tengxiao Wu, Qian Chen, Wen Wang, Haoyuan Chai, Jiayi Wang, Weishan Zhao, Yixin Zhang, Renjun Zhang, et al · 2024
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Parallelizing linear transformers with the delta rule over sequence length
Songlin Yang, Bailin Wang, Yu Zhang, Yikang Shen, and Yoon Kim · 2024
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Token-level direct preference optimization
Yongcheng Zeng, Guoqing Liu, Weiyu Ma, Ning Yang, Haifeng Zhang, and Jun Wang · 2024
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Evaluating the performance of large language models on gaokao benchmark, 2024
Xiaotian Zhang, Chunyang Li, Yi Zong, Zhengyu Ying, Liang He, and Xipeng Qiu · 2024
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Bigcodebench: Benchmarking code generation with diverse function calls and complex instructions
Terry Yue Zhuo, Minh Chien Vu, Jenny Chim, Han Hu, Wenhao Yu, Ratnadira Widyasari, Imam Nur Bani Yusuf, Haolan Zhan, Junda He, Indraneil Paul, et al · 2024
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al · 2025
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Qwen2.5 technical report, 2025
Qwen, :, An Yang, Baosong Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Haoran Wei, Huan Lin, Jian Yang, Jianhong Tu, Jianwei Zhang, Jianxin Yang, Jiaxi Yang, Jingren Zhou, Junyang Lin, Kai Dang, Keming Lu, Keqin Bao, Kexin Yang, Le Yu, Mei Li, Mingfeng Xue, Pei Zhang, Qin Zhu, Rui Men, Runji Lin, Tianhao Li, Tianyi Tang, Tingyu Xia, Xingzhang Ren, Xuancheng Ren, Yang Fan, Yang Su, Yichang Zhang, Yu Wan, Yuqiong Liu, Zeyu Cui, Zhenru Zhang, and Zihan Qiu · 2025
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Toward expert-level medical question answering with large language models
Karan Singhal, Tao Tu, Juraj Gottweis, Rory Sayres, Ellery Wulczyn, Mohamed Amin, Le Hou, Kevin Clark, Stephen R Pfohl, Heather Cole-Lewis, et al · 2025
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