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Large language models are trained on massive scrapes of the web, which are often unstructured, noisy, and poorly phrased.
The dependency locality theory: A distance-based theory of linguistic complexity
Edward Gibson et al · 2000
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What to do about bad language on the internet
Jacob Eisenstein · 2013
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Large-scale evidence of dependency length minimization in 37 languages
Richard Futrell, Kyle Mahowald, and Edward Gibson · 2015
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Crowdsourcing multiple choice science questions
Matt Gardner Johannes Welbl, Nelson F. Liu · 2017
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Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin · 2017
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord · 2018
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Can a suit of armor conduct electricity? a new dataset for open book question answering
Todor Mihaylov, Peter Clark, Tushar Khot, and Ashish Sabharwal · 2018
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MathQA: Towards interpretable math word problem solving with operation-based formalisms
Aida Amini, Saadia Gabriel, Shanchuan Lin, Rik Koncel-Kedziorski, Yejin Choi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi · 2019
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Faster neural network training with data echoing
Dami Choi, Alexandre Passos, Christopher J Shallue, and George E Dahl · 2019
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BoolQ: Exploring the surprising difficulty of natural yes/no questions
Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, Ming-Wei Chang, Tom Kwiatkowski, Michael Collins, and Kristina Toutanova · 2019
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Pubmedqa: A dataset for biomedical research question answering
Qiao Jin, Bhuwan Dhingra, Zhengping Liu, William Cohen, and Xinghua Lu · 2019
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Hellaswag: Can a machine really finish your sentence?
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Piqa: Reasoning about physical commonsense in natural language
Yonatan Bisk, Rowan Zellers, Ronan Le Bras, Jianfeng Gao, and Yejin Choi · 2020
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Chris Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei · 2020
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Randaugment: Practical automated data augmentation with a reduced search space
Ekin D Cubuk, Barret Zoph, Jonathon Shlens, and Quoc V Le · 2020
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The pile: An 800gb dataset of diverse text for language modeling
Leo Gao, Stella Biderman, Sid Black, Laurence Golding, Travis Hoppe, Charles Foster, Jason Phang, Horace He, Anish Thite, Noa Nabeshima, et al · 2020
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Augment your batch: Improving generalization through instance repetition
Elad Hoffer, Tal Ben-Nun, Itay Hubara, Niv Giladi, Torsten Hoefler, and Daniel Soudry · 2020
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Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J Liu · 2020
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CCNet: Extracting high quality monolingual datasets from web crawl data
Guillaume Wenzek, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Alexis Conneau, Vishrav Chaudhary, Francisco Guzmán, Armand Joulin, and Edouard Grave · 2020
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Nl-augmenter: A framework for task-sensitive natural language augmentation, 2021
Kaustubh D. Dhole, Varun Gangal, Sebastian Gehrmann, Aadesh Gupta, Zhenhao Li, Saad Mahamood, Abinaya Mahendiran, Simon Mille, Ashish Srivastava, Samson Tan, Tongshuang Wu, Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, Jinho D. Choi, Eduard Hovy, Ondrej Dusek, Sebastian Ruder, Sajant Anand, Nagender Aneja, Rabin Banjade, Lisa Barthe, Hanna Behnke, Ian Berlot-Attwell, Connor Boyle, Caroline Brun, Marco Antonio Sobrevilla Cabezudo, Samuel Cahyawijaya, Emile Chapuis, Wanxiang Che, Mukund Choudhary, Christian Clauss, Pierre Colombo, Filip Cornell, Gautier Dagan, Mayukh Das, Tanay Dixit, Thomas Dopierre, Paul-Alexis Dray, Suchitra Dubey, Tatiana Ekeinhor, Marco Di Giovanni, Rishabh Gupta, Rishabh Gupta, Louanes Hamla, Sang Han, Fabrice Harel-Canada, Antoine Honore, Ishan Jindal, Przemyslaw K. Joniak, Denis Kleyko, Venelin Kovatchev, Kalpesh Krishna, Ashutosh Kumar, Stefan Langer, Seungjae Ryan Lee, Corey James Levinson, Hualou Liang, Kaizhao Liang, Zhexiong Liu, Andrey Lukyanenko, Vukosi Marivate, Gerard de Melo, Simon Meoni, Maxime Meyer, Afnan Mir, Nafise Sadat Moosavi, Niklas Muennighoff, Timothy Sum Hon Mun, Kenton Murray, Marcin Namysl, Maria Obedkova, Priti Oli, Nivranshu Pasricha, Jan Pfister, Richard Plant, Vinay Prabhu, Vasile Pais, Libo Qin, Shahab Raji, Pawan Kumar Rajpoot, Vikas Raunak, Roy Rinberg, Nicolas Roberts, Juan Diego Rodriguez, Claude Roux, Vasconcellos P. H. S., Ananya B. Sai, Robin M. Schmidt, Thomas Scialom, Tshephisho Sefara, Saqib N. Shamsi, Xudong Shen, Haoyue Shi, Yiwen Shi, Anna Shvets, Nick Siegel, Damien Sileo, Jamie Simon, Chandan Singh, Roman Sitelew, Priyank Soni, Taylor Sorensen, William Soto, Aman Srivastava, KV Aditya Srivatsa, Tony Sun, Mukund Varma T, A Tabassum, Fiona Anting Tan, Ryan Teehan, Mo Tiwari, Marie Tolkiehn, Athena Wang, Zijian Wang, Gloria Wang, Zijie J. Wang, Fuxuan Wei, Bryan Wilie, Genta Indra Winata, Xinyi Wu, Witold Wydmański, Tianbao Xie, Usama Yaseen, M. Yee, Jing Zhang, and Yue Zhang · 2021
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Drawing multiple augmentation samples per image during training efficiently decreases test error
Stanislav Fort, Andrew Brock, Razvan Pascanu, Soham De, and Samuel L Smith · 2021
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Simcse: Simple contrastive learning of sentence embeddings
Tianyu Gao, Xingcheng Yao, and Danqi Chen · 2021
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Truthfulqa: Measuring how models mimic human falsehoods, 2021
Stephanie Lin, Jacob Hilton, and Owain Evans · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Three types of average dependency distances of sentences in a multilingual parallel corpus
Masanori Oya · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Learning transferable visual models from natural language supervision
Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, et al · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaling language models: Methods, analysis & insights from training gopher
Jack W Rae, Sebastian Borgeaud, Trevor Cai, Katie Millican, Jordan Hoffmann, Francis Song, John Aslanides, Sarah Henderson, Roman Ring, Susannah Young, et al · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Albert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Mensch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guillaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, et al · 2023
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Jaehun Jung, Peter West, Liwei Jiang, Faeze Brahman, Ximing Lu, Jillian Fisher, Taylor Sorensen, and Yejin Choi · 2023
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Longform: Optimizing instruction tuning for long text generation with corpus extraction
Abdullatif Köksal, Timo Schick, Anna Korhonen, and Hinrich Schütze · 2023
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Efficient memory management for large language model serving with pagedattention
Woosuk Kwon, Zhuohan Li, Siyuan Zhuang, Ying Sheng, Lianmin Zheng, Cody Hao Yu, Joseph E. Gonzalez, Hao Zhang, and Ion Stoica · 2023
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Process for adapting language models to society (palms) with values-targeted datasets
Irene Solaiman and Christy Dennison · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Whose language counts as high quality? measuring language ideologies in text data selection
Suchin Gururangan, Dallas Card, Sarah Dreier, Emily Gade, Leroy Wang, Zeyu Wang, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Noah A. Smith · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Training compute-optimal large language models
Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Laion-5b: An open large-scale dataset for training next generation image-text models
Christoph Schuhmann, Romain Beaumont, Richard Vencu, Cade Gordon, Ross Wightman, Mehdi Cherti, Theo Coombes, Aarush Katta, Clayton Mullis, Mitchell Wortsman, et al · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Will we run out of data? an analysis of the limits of scaling datasets in machine learning
Pablo Villalobos, Jaime Sevilla, Lennart Heim, Tamay Besiroglu, Marius Hobbhahn, and Anson Ho · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Semdedup: Data-efficient learning at web-scale through semantic deduplication
Amro Abbas, Kushal Tirumala, Daniel Simig, Surya Ganguli, and Ari S. Morcos · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Logiqa 2.0 — an improved dataset for logical reasoning in natural language understanding
Hanmeng Liu, Jian Liu, Leyang Cui, Zhiyang Teng, Nan Duan, Ming Zhou, and Yue Zhang · 2023
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Fingpt: Large generative models for a small language
Risto Luukkonen, Ville Komulainen, Jouni Luoma, Anni Eskelinen, Jenna Kanerva, Hanna-Mari Kupari, Filip Ginter, Veronika Laippala, Niklas Muennighoff, Aleksandra Piktus, et al · 2023
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Phi-1.5 model: A case of comparing apples to oranges?
Pratyush Maini · 2023
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T-mars: Improving visual representations by circumventing text feature learning
Pratyush Maini, Sachin Goyal, Zachary C Lipton, J Zico Kolter, and Aditi Raghunathan · 2023
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Scaling data-constrained language models
Niklas Muennighoff, Alexander M Rush, Boaz Barak, Teven Le Scao, Aleksandra Piktus, Nouamane Tazi, Sampo Pyysalo, Thomas Wolf, and Colin Raffel · 2023
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Investigating the representation of open domain dialogue context for transformer models
Vishakh Padmakumar, Behnam Hedayatnia, Di Jin, Patrick Lange, Seokhwan Kim, Nanyun Peng, Yang Liu, and Dilek Hakkani-Tur · 2023
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Guilherme Penedo, Quentin Malartic, Daniel Hesslow, Ruxandra Cojocaru, Alessandro Cappelli, Hamza Alobeidli, Baptiste Pannier, Ebtesam Almazrouei, and Julien Launay · 2023
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Slimpajama-dc: Understanding data combinations for llm training
Zhiqiang Shen, Tianhua Tao, Liqun Ma, Willie Neiswanger, Joel Hestness, Natalia Vassilieva, Daria Soboleva, and Eric Xing · 2023
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Model dementia: Generated data makes models forget
Ilia Shumailov, Zakhar Shumaylov, Yiren Zhao, Yarin Gal, Nicolas Papernot, and Ross Anderson · 2023
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Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models
Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Albert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti Bhosale, et al · 2023
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Effective data augmentation with diffusion models
Brandon Trabucco, Kyle Doherty, Max Gurinas, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov · 2023
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Magicoder: Source code is all you need
Yuxiang Wei, Zhe Wang, Jiawei Liu, Yifeng Ding, and Lingming Zhang · 2023
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Doremi: Optimizing data mixtures speeds up language model pretraining
Sang Michael Xie, Hieu Pham, Xuanyi Dong, Nan Du, Hanxiao Liu, Yifeng Lu, Percy Liang, Quoc V Le, Tengyu Ma, and Adams Wei Yu · 2023
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To repeat or not to repeat: Insights from scaling llm under token-crisis
Fuzhao Xue, Yao Fu, Wangchunshu Zhou, Zangwei Zheng, and Yang You · 2023
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The devil is in the details: A deep dive into the rabbit hole of data filtering
Haichao Yu, Yu Tian, Sateesh Kumar, Linjie Yang, and Heng Wang · 2023
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Lima: Less is more for alignment
Chunting Zhou, Pengfei Liu, Puxin Xu, Srini Iyer, Jiao Sun, Yuning Mao, Xuezhe Ma, Avia Efrat, Ping Yu, Lili Yu, et al · 2023
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Unlocking efficiency in large language model inference: A comprehensive survey of speculative decoding, 2024
Heming Xia, Zhe Yang, Qingxiu Dong, Peiyi Wang, Yongqi Li, Tao Ge, Tianyu Liu, Wenjie Li, and Zhifang Sui · 2024
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Tinyllama: An open-source small language model, 2024
Peiyuan Zhang, Guangtao Zeng, Tianduo Wang, and Wei Lu · 2024
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