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Recent advances in mathematical problem-solving with language models (LMs) integrate chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning and code execution to harness their complementary strengths.
Varibad: A very good method for bayes-adaptive deep rl via meta-learning
Luisa Zintgraf, Kyriacos Shiarlis, Maximilian Igl, Sebastian Schulze, Yarin Gal, Katja Hofmann, and Shimon Whiteson. 2019 · 1910
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Pattern recognition and machine learning , volume 4
Christopher M Bishop and Nasser M Nasrabadi. 2006 · 2006
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Google’s neural machine translation system: Bridging the gap between human and machine translation
Yonghui Wu. 2016 · 2016
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Thinking fast and slow with deep learning and tree search
Thomas Anthony, Zheng Tian, and David Barber. 2017 · 2017
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Proximal policy optimization algorithms
John Schulman, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov. 2017 · 2017
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Learning to generalize from sparse and underspecified rewards
Rishabh Agarwal, Chen Liang, Dale Schuurmans, and Mohammad Norouzi. 2019 · 2019
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Learning context-aware task reasoning for efficient meta reinforcement learning
Haozhe Wang, Jiale Zhou, and Xuming He. 2020 · 2020
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Evaluating large language models trained on code
Mark Chen, Jerry Tworek, Heewoo Jun, Qiming Yuan, Henrique Ponde De Oliveira Pinto, Jared Kaplan, Harri Edwards, Yuri Burda, Nicholas Joseph, Greg Brockman, et al. 2021 · 2021
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, et al. 2021 · 2021
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Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math dataset
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul Arora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2021 · 2021
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Learning math reasoning from self-sampled correct and partially-correct solutions
Ansong Ni, Jeevana Priya Inala, Chenglong Wang, Oleksandr Polozov, Christopher Meek, Dragomir Radev, and Jianfeng Gao. 2022 · 2022
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al. 2022 · 2022
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Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Pal: Program-aided language models
Luyu Gao, Aman Madaan, Shuyan Zhou, Uri Alon, Pengfei Liu, Yiming Yang, Jamie Callan, and Graham Neubig. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Tora: A tool-integrated reasoning agent for mathematical problem solving
Zhibin Gou, Zhihong Shao, Yeyun Gong, Yujiu Yang, Minlie Huang, Nan Duan, Weizhu Chen, et al. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Challenges and applications of large language models
Jean Kaddour, Joshua Harris, Maximilian Mozes, Herbie Bradley, Roberta Raileanu, and Robert McHardy. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Beyond human data: Scaling self-training for problem-solving with language models
Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Amy Yang, Angela Fan, et al. 2024 · 2024
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Chaoqun He, Renjie Luo, Yuzhuo Bai, Shengding Hu, Zhen Leng Thai, Junhao Shen, Jinyi Hu, Xu Han, Yujie Huang, Yuxiang Zhang, et al. 2024 · 2024
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Aaron Jaech, Adam Kalai, Adam Lerer, Adam Richardson, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aiden Low, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Alex Beutel, Alex Carney, et al. 2024 · 2024
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Numinamath: The largest public dataset in ai4maths with 860k pairs of competition math problems and solutions
Jia Li, Edward Beeching, Lewis Tunstall, Ben Lipkin, Roman Soletskyi, Shengyi Huang, Kashif Rasul, Longhui Yu, Albert Q Jiang, Ziju Shen, et al. 2024 · 2024
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Avi Singh, John D Co-Reyes, Rishabh Agarwal, Ankesh Anand, Piyush Patil, Peter J Liu, James Harrison, Jaehoon Lee, Kelvin Xu, Aaron Parisi, et al. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Gemini: a family of highly capable multimodal models
Gemini Team, Rohan Anil, Sebastian Borgeaud, Yonghui Wu, Jean-Baptiste Alayrac, Jiahui Yu, Radu Soricut, Johan Schalkwyk, Andrew M Dai, Anja Hauth, et al. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Adversarial constrained bidding via minimax regret optimization with causality-aware reinforcement learning
Haozhe Wang, Chao Du, Panyan Fang, Li He, Liang Wang, and Bo Zheng. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Metamath: Bootstrap your own mathematical questions for large language models
Longhui Yu, Weisen Jiang, Han Shi, Jincheng Yu, Zhengying Liu, Yu Zhang, James T Kwok, Zhenguo Li, Adrian Weller, and Weiyang Liu. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Mammoth: Building math generalist models through hybrid instruction tuning
Xiang Yue, Xingwei Qu, Ge Zhang, Yao Fu, Wenhao Huang, Huan Sun, Yu Su, and Wenhu Chen. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Mathstral
Mistral AI. 2024 · 2024
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The claude 3 model family: Opus, sonnet, haiku
Anthropic. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
An empirical study of data ability boundary in llms’ math reasoning
Zui Chen, Yezeng Chen, Jiaqi Han, Zhijie Huang, Ji Qi, and Yi Zhou. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
How do humans write code? large models do it the same way too
Long Li. 2024 · 2024
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Mario: Math reasoning with code interpreter output–a reproducible pipeline
Minpeng Liao, Wei Luo, Chengxi Li, Jing Wu, and Kai Fan. 2024 · 2024
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Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models
Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Mingchuan Zhang, YK Li, Yu Wu, and Daya Guo. 2024 · 2024
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DART-math: Difficulty-aware rejection tuning for mathematical problem-solving
Yuxuan Tong, Xiwen Zhang, Rui Wang, Ruidong Wu, and Junxian He. 2024 · 2024
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Openmathinstruct-1: A 1.8 million math instruction tuning dataset
Shubham Toshniwal, Ivan Moshkov, Sean Narenthiran, Daria Gitman, Fei Jia, and Igor Gitman. 2024 · 2024
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Haowei Zhang, Junxiao Song, Ruoyu Zhang, Runxin Xu, Qihao Zhu, Shirong Ma, Peiyi Wang, Xiao Bi, et al. 2025 · 2025
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Agent-r: Training language model agents to reflect via iterative self-training
Siyu Yuan, Zehui Chen, Zhiheng Xi, Junjie Ye, Zhengyin Du, and Jiecao Chen. 2025 · 2025
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