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Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse tasks yet still are vulnerable to external threats, particularly LLM Denial-of-Service (LLM-DoS) attacks.
Depth-first search and linear graph algorithms
Robert Tarjan. 1972 · 1972
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Trends in denial of service attack technology
Neil Long and Rob Thomas. 2001 · 2001
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Survey of network-based defense mechanisms countering the dos and ddos problems
Tao Peng, Christopher Leckie, and Kotagiri Ramamohanarao. 2007 · 2007
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Realtoxicityprompts: Evaluating neural toxic degeneration in language models
Samuel Gehman, Suchin Gururangan, Maarten Sap, Yejin Choi, and Noah A Smith. 2020 · 2009
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Analysis of the syn flood dos attack
Mitko Bogdanoski, Tomislav Suminoski, and Aleksandar Risteski. 2013 · 2013
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Hellaswag: Can a machine really finish your sentence?
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi. 2019 · 2019
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On the opportunities and risks of foundation models
Rishi Bommasani, Drew A Hudson, Ehsan Adeli, Russ Altman, Simran Arora, Sydney von Arx, Michael S Bernstein, Jeannette Bohg, Antoine Bosselut, Emma Brunskill, et al. 2021 · 2021
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, et al. 2021 · 2021
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2021 · 2021
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Codexglue: A machine learning benchmark dataset for code understanding and generation
Shuai Lu, Daya Guo, Shuo Ren, Junjie Huang, Alexey Svyatkovskiy, Ambrosio Blanco, Colin B. Clement, Dawn Drain, Daxin Jiang, Duyu Tang, Ge Li, Lidong Zhou, Linjun Shou, Long Zhou, Michele Tufano, Ming Gong, Ming Zhou, Nan Duan, Neel Sundaresan, Shao Kun Deng, Shengyu Fu, and Shujie Liu. 2021 · 2021
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Sponge examples: Energy-latency attacks on neural networks
Ilia Shumailov, Yiren Zhao, Daniel Bates, Nicolas Papernot, Robert Mullins, and Ross Anderson. 2021 · 2021
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Process for adapting language models to society (palms) with values-targeted datasets
Irene Solaiman and Christy Dennison. 2021 · 2021
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Challenges in detoxifying language models
Johannes Welbl, Amelia Glaese, Jonathan Uesato, Sumanth Dathathri, John Mellor, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Kirsty Anderson, Pushmeet Kohli, Ben Coppin, and Po-Sen Huang. 2021 · 2021
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Nmtsloth: understanding and testing efficiency degradation of neural machine translation systems
Simin Chen, Cong Liu, Mirazul Haque, Zihe Song, and Wei Yang. 2022 · 2022
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All the news that’s fit to fabricate: Ai-generated text as a tool of media misinformation
Sarah Kreps, R Miles McCain, and Miles Brundage. 2022 · 2022
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al. 2022 · 2022
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The carbon footprint of machine learning training will plateau, then shrink
David Patterson, Joseph Gonzalez, Urs Hölzle, Quoc Le, Chen Liang, Lluis-Miquel Munguia, Daniel Rothchild, David R So, Maud Texier, and Jeff Dean. 2022 · 2022
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Red teaming language models with language models
Ethan Perez, Saffron Huang, Francis Song, Trevor Cai, Roman Ring, John Aslanides, Amelia Glaese, Nat McAleese, and Geoffrey Irving. 2022 · 2022
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Ignore previous prompt: Attack techniques for language models
Fábio Perez and Ian Ribeiro. 2022 · 2022
Earlier work this paper cites.
Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Detecting language model attacks with perplexity
Gabriel Alon and Michael Kamfonas. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Explore, establish, exploit: Red teaming language models from scratch
Stephen Casper, Jason Lin, Joe Kwon, Gatlen Culp, and Dylan Hadfield-Menell. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Jailbreaking black box large language models in twenty queries
Patrick Chao, Alexander Robey, Edgar Dobriban, Hamed Hassani, George J Pappas, and Eric Wong. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Safe rlhf: Safe reinforcement learning from human feedback
Josef Dai, Xuehai Pan, Ruiyang Sun, Jiaming Ji, Xinbo Xu, Mickel Liu, Yizhou Wang, and Yaodong Yang. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Qwen2. 5-coder technical report
Binyuan Hui, Jian Yang, Zeyu Cui, Jiaxi Yang, Dayiheng Liu, Lei Zhang, Tianyu Liu, Jiajun Zhang, Bowen Yu, Keming Lu, et al. 2024 · 2024
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Aaron Hurst, Adam Lerer, Adam P Goucher, Adam Perelman, Aditya Ramesh, Aidan Clark, AJ Ostrow, Akila Welihinda, Alan Hayes, Alec Radford, et al. 2024 · 2024
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Vocabulary attack to hijack large language model applications
Patrick Levi and Christoph P Neumann. 2024 · 2024
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Zeyi Liao and Huan Sun. 2024 · 2024
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Deepseek-v2: A strong, economical, and efficient mixture-of-experts language model
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Josh A Goldstein, Girish Sastry, Micah Musser, Renee DiResta, Matthew Gentzel, and Katerina Sedova. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Baseline defenses for adversarial attacks against aligned language models
Neel Jain, Avi Schwarzschild, Yuxin Wen, Gowthami Somepalli, John Kirchenbauer, Ping-yeh Chiang, Micah Goldblum, Aniruddha Saha, Jonas Geiping, and Tom Goldstein. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Lora fine-tuning efficiently undoes safety training in llama 2-chat 70b
Simon Lermen, Charlie Rogers-Smith, and Jeffrey Ladish. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Scalable extraction of training data from (production) language models
Milad Nasr, Nicholas Carlini, Jonathan Hayase, Matthew Jagielski, A Feder Cooper, Daphne Ippolito, Christopher A Choquette-Choo, Eric Wallace, Florian Tramèr, and Katherine Lee. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Poisoning language models during instruction tuning
Alexander Wan, Eric Wallace, Sheng Shen, and Dan Klein. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Instructions as backdoors: Backdoor vulnerabilities of instruction tuning for large language models
Jiashu Xu, Mingyu Derek Ma, Fei Wang, Chaowei Xiao, and Muhao Chen. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Shadow alignment: The ease of subverting safely-aligned language models
Xianjun Yang, Xiao Wang, Qi Zhang, Linda Petzold, William Yang Wang, Xun Zhao, and Dahua Lin. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
A survey of large language models
Wayne Xin Zhao, Kun Zhou, Junyi Li, Tianyi Tang, Xiaolei Wang, Yupeng Hou, Yingqian Min, Beichen Zhang, Junjie Zhang, Zican Dong, et al. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Aixin Liu, Bei Feng, Bin Wang, Bingxuan Wang, Bo Liu, Chenggang Zhao, Chengqi Dengr, Chong Ruan, Damai Dai, Daya Guo, et al. 2024 · 2024
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Tree of attacks: Jailbreaking black-box llms automatically
Anay Mehrotra, Manolis Zampetakis, Paul Kassianik, Blaine Nelson, Hyrum Anderson, Yaron Singer, and Amin Karbasi. 2024 · 2024
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Advprompter: Fast adaptive adversarial prompting for llms
Anselm Paulus, Arman Zharmagambetov, Chuan Guo, Brandon Amos, and Yuandong Tian. 2024 · 2024
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Playing language game with llms leads to jailbreaking
Yu Peng, Zewen Long, Fangming Dong, Congyi Li, Shu Wu, and Kai Chen. 2024 · 2024
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" do anything now": Characterizing and evaluating in-the-wild jailbreak prompts on large language models
Xinyue Shen, Zeyuan Chen, Michael Backes, Yun Shen, and Yang Zhang. 2024 · 2024
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Exploring the adversarial capabilities of large language models
Lukas Struppek, Minh Hieu Le, Dominik Hintersdorf, and Kristian Kersting. 2024 · 2024
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An Yang, Baosong Yang, Binyuan Hui, Bo Zheng, Bowen Yu, Chang Zhou, Chengpeng Li, Chengyuan Li, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, et al. 2024 · 2024
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Jailbreak attacks and defenses against large language models: A survey
Sibo Yi, Yule Liu, Zhen Sun, Tianshuo Cong, Xinlei He, Jiaxing Song, Ke Xu, and Qi Li. 2024 · 2024
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Autodefense: Multi-agent llm defense against jailbreak attacks
Yifan Zeng, Yiran Wu, Xiao Zhang, Huazheng Wang, and Qingyun Wu. 2024 · 2024
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A study on prompt injection attack against llm-integrated mobile robotic systems
Wenxiao Zhang, Xiangrui Kong, Conan Dewitt, Thomas Braunl, and Jin B Hong. 2024 · 2024
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Weak-to-strong jailbreaking on large language models
Xuandong Zhao, Xianjun Yang, Tianyu Pang, Chao Du, Lei Li, Yu-Xiang Wang, and William Yang Wang. 2024 · 2024
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Ai agents under threat: A survey of key security challenges and future pathways
Zehang Deng, Yongjian Guo, Changzhou Han, Wanlun Ma, Junwu Xiong, Sheng Wen, and Yang Xiang. 2025 · 2025
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Anyedit: Edit any knowledge encoded in language models
Houcheng Jiang, Junfeng Fang, Ningyu Zhang, Guojun Ma, Mingyang Wan, Xiang Wang, Xiangnan He, and Tat-seng Chua. 2025 · 2025
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Dialogue injection attack: Jailbreaking llms through context manipulation
Wenlong Meng, Fan Zhang, Wendao Yao, Zhenyuan Guo, Yuwei Li, Chengkun Wei, and Wenzhi Chen. 2025 · 2025
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Beware of your po! measuring and mitigating ai safety risks in role-play fine-tuning of llms
Weixiang Zhao, Yulin Hu, Yang Deng, Jiahe Guo, Xingyu Sui, Xinyang Han, An Zhang, Yanyan Zhao, Bing Qin, Tat-Seng Chua, et al. 2025 · 2025
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