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Sparse Autoencoders (SAEs) have emerged as a powerful unsupervised method for extracting sparse representations from language models, yet scalable training remains a significant challenge.
Learning efficient linear codes for natural images: the roles of sparseness, overcompleteness, and statistical independence
Bruno A. Olshausen and David J. Field · 1996
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei · 2001
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Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space
Tomás Mikolov, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean · 2013
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Deep residual learning for image recognition
Kaiming He, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, and Jian Sun · 2016
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Understanding intermediate layers using linear classifier probes
Guillaume Alain and Yoshua Bengio · 2017
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Linear algebraic structure of word senses, with applications to polysemy
Sanjeev Arora, Yuanzhi Li, Yingyu Liang, Tengyu Ma, and Andrej Risteski · 2018
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Jumprelu: A retrofit defense strategy for adversarial attacks
N. Benjamin Erichson, Zhewei Yao, and Michael W. Mahoney · 2020
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Zoom in: An introduction to circuits
Chris Olah, Nick Cammarata, Ludwig Schubert, Gabriel Goh, Michael Petrov, and Shan Carter · 2020
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Knowledge neurons in pretrained transformers
Damai Dai, Li Dong, Yaru Hao, Zhifang Sui, Baobao Chang, and Furu Wei · 2022
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Softmax linear units
Nelson Elhage, Tristan Hume, Catherine Olsson, Neel Nanda, Tom Henighan, Scott Johnston, Sheer ElShowk, Nicholas Joseph, Nova DasSarma, Ben Mann, Danny Hernandez, Amanda Askell, Kamal Ndousse, Andy Jones, Dawn Drain, Anna Chen, Yuntao Bai, Deep Ganguli, Liane Lovitt, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Jackson Kernion, Tom Conerly, Shauna Kravec, Stanislav Fort, Saurav Kadavath, Josh Jacobson, Eli Tran-Johnson, Jared Kaplan, Jack Clark, Tom Brown, Sam McCandlish, Dario Amodei, and Christopher Olah · 2022
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Toy models of superposition
Nelson Elhage, Tristan Hume, Catherine Olsson, Nicholas Schiefer, Tom Henighan, Shauna Kravec, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Robert Lasenby, Dawn Drain, Carol Chen, Roger Grosse, Sam McCandlish, Jared Kaplan, Dario Amodei, Martin Wattenberg, and Christopher Olah · 2022
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Training compute-optimal large language models
Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, Tom Hennigan, Eric Noland, Katie Millican, George van den Driessche, Bogdan Damoc, Aurelia Guy, Simon Osindero, Karen Simonyan, Erich Elsen, Jack W. Rae, Oriol Vinyals, and Laurent Sifre · 2022
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Language models can explain neurons in language models
Steven Bills, Nick Cammarata, Dan Mossing, Henk Tillman, Leo Gao, Gabriel Goh, Ilya Sutskever, Jan Leike, Jeff Wu, and William Saunders · 2023
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Towards monosemanticity: Decomposing language models with dictionary learning
Trenton Bricken, Adly Templeton, Joshua Batson, Brian Chen, Adam Jermyn, Tom Conerly, Nick Turner, Cem Anil, Carson Denison, Amanda Askell, Robert Lasenby, Yifan Wu, Shauna Kravec, Nicholas Schiefer, Tim Maxwell, Nicholas Joseph, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, Alex Tamkin, Karina Nguyen, Brayden McLean, Josiah E Burke, Tristan Hume, Shan Carter, Tom Henighan, and Christopher Olah · 2023
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Privileged bases in the transformer residual stream
Nelson Elhage, Robert Lasenby, and Christopher Olah · 2023
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Finding neurons in a haystack: Case studies with sparse probing
Wes Gurnee, Neel Nanda, Matthew Pauly, Katherine Harvey, Dmitrii Troitskii, and Dimitris Bertsimas · 2023
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SlimPajama: A 627B token cleaned and deduplicated version of RedPajama
Daria Soboleva, Faisal Al-Khateeb, Robert Myers, Jacob R Steeves, Joel Hestness, and Nolan Dey · 2023
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L-eval: Instituting standardized evaluation for long context language models
Chenxin An, Shansan Gong, Ming Zhong, Xingjian Zhao, Mukai Li, Jun Zhang, Lingpeng Kong, and Xipeng Qiu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Sparse autoencoders find composed features in small toy models
Evan Anders, Clement Neo, Jason Hoelscher-Obermaier, and Jessica N. Howard · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Using dictionary learning features as classifiers
Trenton Bricken, Jonathan Marcus, Siddharth Mishra-Sharma, Meg Tong, Ethan Perez, Mrinank Sharma, Kelley Rivoire, Thomas Henighan, and Adam Jermyn · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Saes (usually) transfer between base and chat models
Connor Kissane, Robert Krzyzanowski, Arthur Conmy, and Neel Nanda · 2024
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Sparse autoencoders reveal universal feature spaces across large language models
Michael Lan, Philip Torr, Austin Meek, Ashkan Khakzar, David Krueger, and Fazl Barez · 2024
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Gemma scope: Open sparse autoencoders everywhere all at once on gemma 2
Tom Lieberum, Senthooran Rajamanoharan, Arthur Conmy, Lewis Smith, Nicolas Sonnerat, Vikrant Varma, János Kramár, Anca Dragan, Rohin Shah, and Neel Nanda · 2024
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Sparse feature circuits: Discovering and editing interpretable causal graphs in language models
Samuel Marks, Can Rager, Eric J. Michaud, Yonatan Belinkov, David Bau, and Aaron Mueller · 2024
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Róbert Csordás, Christopher Potts, Christopher D Manning, and Atticus Geiger · 2024
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Circuits updates - june 2024
Hoagy Cunningham and Tom Conerly · 2024
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Transcoders find interpretable LLM feature circuits
Jacob Dunefsky, Philippe Chlenski, and Neel Nanda · 2024
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Not all language model features are linear
Joshua Engels, Isaac Liao, Eric J. Michaud, Wes Gurnee, and Max Tegmark · 2024
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Scaling and evaluating sparse autoencoders
Leo Gao, Tom Dupré la Tour, Henk Tillman, Gabriel Goh, Rajan Troll, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, Jan Leike, and Jeffrey Wu · 2024
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Automatically identifying local and global circuits with linear computation graphs
Xuyang Ge, Fukang Zhu, Wentao Shu, Junxuan Wang, Zhengfu He, and Xipeng Qiu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Universal neurons in GPT2 language models
Wes Gurnee, Theo Horsley, Zifan Carl Guo, Tara Rezaei Kheirkhah, Qinyi Sun, Will Hathaway, Neel Nanda, and Dimitris Bertsimas · 2024
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Thomas Mesnard, Cassidy Hardin, Robert Dadashi, Surya Bhupatiraju, Shreya Pathak, Laurent Sifre, Morgane Rivière, Mihir Sanjay Kale, Juliette Love, Pouya Tafti, Léonard Hussenot, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Adam Roberts, Aditya Barua, Alex Botev, Alex Castro-Ros, Ambrose Slone, Amélie Héliou, Andrea Tacchetti, Anna Bulanova, Antonia Paterson, Beth Tsai, Bobak Shahriari, Charline Le Lan, Christopher A. Choquette-Choo, Clément Crepy, Daniel Cer, Daphne Ippolito, David Reid, Elena Buchatskaya, Eric Ni, Eric Noland, Geng Yan, George Tucker, George-Cristian Muraru, Grigory Rozhdestvenskiy, Henryk Michalewski, Ian Tenney, Ivan Grishchenko, Jacob Austin, James Keeling, Jane Labanowski, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Jeff Stanway, Jenny Brennan, Jeremy Chen, Johan Ferret, Justin Chiu, and et al · 2024
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Efficient dictionary learning with switch sparse autoencoders
Anish Mudide, Joshua Engels, Eric J Michaud, Max Tegmark, and Christian Schroeder de Witt · 2024
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Circuits updates - july 2024
Chris Olah and Adam Jermyn · 2024
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Jumping ahead: Improving reconstruction fidelity with jumprelu sparse autoencoders
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A list of 45+ mech interp project ideas from apollo research’s interpretability team, 2024
Lee Sharkey, Lucius Bushnaq, Dan Braun, Stefan Heimersheim, and Nicholas Goldowsky-Dill · 2024
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Language-specific neurons: The key to multilingual capabilities in large language models
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Circuits updates - august 2024 - interpretability evals case study
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Scaling monosemanticity: Extracting interpretable features from claude 3 sonnet
Adly Templeton, Tom Conerly, Jonathan Marcus, Jack Lindsey, Trenton Bricken, Brian Chen, Adam Pearce, Craig Citro, Emmanuel Ameisen, Andy Jones, Hoagy Cunningham, Nicholas L Turner, Callum McDougall, Monte MacDiarmid, C. Daniel Freeman, Theodore R. Sumers, Edward Rees, Joshua Batson, Adam Jermyn, Shan Carter, Chris Olah, and Tom Henighan · 2024
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Towards universality: Studying mechanistic similarity across language model architectures
Junxuan Wang, Xuyang Ge, Wentao Shu, Qiong Tang, Yunhua Zhou, Zhengfu He, and Xipeng Qiu · 2024
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Wildchat: 1m chatgpt interaction logs in the wild
Wenting Zhao, Xiang Ren, Jack Hessel, Claire Cardie, Yejin Choi, and Yuntian Deng · 2024
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