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To enhance the efficiency of the attention mechanism within large language models (LLMs), previous works primarily compress the KV cache or group attention heads, while largely overlooking redundancy between layers.
ZeRO: Memory Optimization Towards Training A Trillion Parameter Models
Samyam Rajbhandari, Jeff Rasley, Olatunji Ruwase, and Yuxiong He. 2019 · 1910
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Fast transformer decoding: One write-head is all you need
Noam Shazeer. 2019 · 1911
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NAS-BERT: Task-Agnostic and Adaptive-Size BERT Compression with Neural Architecture Search
Jin Xu, Xu Tan, Renqian Luo, Kaitao Song, Jian Li, Tao Qin, and Tie-Yan Liu. 2021 · 1943
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Robust estimation of a location parameter
Peter J Huber. 1992 · 1992
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Linformer: Self-Attention with Linear Complexity
Sinong Wang, Belinda Z. Li, Madian Khabsa, Han Fang, and Hao Ma. 2020b · 2006
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Effective Approaches to Attention-based Neural Machine Translation
Thang Luong, Hieu Pham, and Christopher D. Manning. 2015 · 2015
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FitNets: Hints for Thin Deep Nets
Adriana Romero, Nicolas Ballas, Samira Ebrahimi Kahou, Antoine Chassang, Carlo Gatta, and Yoshua Bengio. 2015 · 2015
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The LAMBADA dataset: Word prediction requiring a broad discourse context
Denis Paperno, Germán Kruszewski, Angeliki Lazaridou, Quan Ngoc Pham, Raffaella Bernardi, Sandro Pezzelle, Marco Baroni, Gemma Boleda, and Raquel Fernández. 2016 · 2016
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BranchyNet: Fast inference via early exiting from deep neural networks
Surat Teerapittayanon, Bradley McDanel, and H. T. Kung. 2016 · 2016
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The Reversible Residual Network: Backpropagation Without Storing Activations
Aidan N. Gomez, Mengye Ren, Raquel Urtasun, and Roger B. Grosse. 2017 · 2017
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TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehension
Mandar Joshi, Eunsol Choi, Daniel S. Weld, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2017 · 2017
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Paraphrasing Complex Network: Network Compression via Factor Transfer
Jangho Kim, Seonguk Park, and Nojun Kwak. 2018 · 2018
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Generating Wikipedia by Summarizing Long Sequences
Peter J. Liu, Mohammad Saleh, Etienne Pot, Ben Goodrich, Ryan Sepassi, Lukasz Kaiser, and Noam Shazeer. 2018 · 2018
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Can a Suit of Armor Conduct Electricity? A New Dataset for Open Book Question Answering
Todor Mihaylov, Peter Clark, Tushar Khot, and Ashish Sabharwal. 2018 · 2018
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Image Transformer
Niki Parmar, Ashish Vaswani, Jakob Uszkoreit, Lukasz Kaiser, Noam Shazeer, Alexander Ku, and Dustin Tran. 2018 · 2018
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Learning Deep Representations with Probabilistic Knowledge Transfer
Nikolaos Passalis and Anastasios Tefas. 2018 · 2018
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Self-Attentional Acoustic Models
Matthias Sperber, Jan Niehues, Graham Neubig, Sebastian Stüker, and Alex Waibel. 2018 · 2018
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Accelerating Neural Transformer via an Average Attention Network
Biao Zhang, Deyi Xiong, and Jinsong Su. 2018 · 2018
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BoolQ: Exploring the Surprising Difficulty of Natural Yes/No Questions
Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, Ming-Wei Chang, Tom Kwiatkowski, Michael Collins, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019 · 2019
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BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019 · 2019
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Natural Questions: A Benchmark for Question Answering Research
Tom Kwiatkowski, Jennimaria Palomaki, Olivia Redfield, Michael Collins, Ankur P. Parikh, Chris Alberti, Danielle Epstein, Illia Polosukhin, Jacob Devlin, Kenton Lee, Kristina Toutanova, Llion Jones, Matthew Kelcey, Ming-Wei Chang, Andrew M. Dai, Jakob Uszkoreit, Quoc Le, and Slav Petrov. 2019 · 2019
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Are Sixteen Heads Really Better than One?
Paul Michel, Omer Levy, and Graham Neubig. 2019 · 2019
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Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al. 2019 · 2019
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CoQA: A Conversational Question Answering Challenge
Siva Reddy, Danqi Chen, and Christopher D. Manning. 2019 · 2019
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Analyzing Multi-Head Self-Attention: Specialized Heads Do the Heavy Lifting, the Rest Can Be Pruned
Elena Voita, David Talbot, Fedor Moiseev, Rico Sennrich, and Ivan Titov. 2019 · 2019
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Sharing Attention Weights for Fast Transformer
Tong Xiao, Yinqiao Li, Jingbo Zhu, Zhengtao Yu, and Tongran Liu. 2019 · 2019
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HellaSwag: Can a Machine Really Finish Your Sentence?
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi. 2019 · 2019
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ETC: Encoding Long and Structured Inputs in Transformers
Joshua Ainslie, Santiago Ontañón, Chris Alberti, Vaclav Cvicek, Zachary Fisher, Philip Pham, Anirudh Ravula, Sumit Sanghai, Qifan Wang, and Li Yang. 2020 · 2020
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PIQA: Reasoning about Physical Commonsense in Natural Language
Yonatan Bisk, Rowan Zellers, Ronan Le Bras, Jianfeng Gao, and Yejin Choi. 2020 · 2020
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Reducing Transformer Depth on Demand with Structured Dropout
Angela Fan, Edouard Grave, and Armand Joulin. 2020 · 2020
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Compressing BERT: Studying the Effects of Weight Pruning on Transfer Learning
Mitchell A. Gordon, Kevin Duh, and Nicholas Andrews. 2020 · 2020
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A 3 {}^{\mbox{3}} : Accelerating Attention Mechanisms in Neural Networks with Approximation
Tae Jun Ham, Sungjun Jung, Seonghak Kim, Young H. Oh, Yeonhong Park, Yoonho Song, Jung-Hun Park, Sanghee Lee, Kyoung Park, Jae W. Lee, and Deog-Kyoon Jeong. 2020 · 2020
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ContextNet: Improving Convolutional Neural Networks for Automatic Speech Recognition with Global Context
Wei Han, Zhengdong Zhang, Yu Zhang, Jiahui Yu, Chung-Cheng Chiu, James Qin, Anmol Gulati, Ruoming Pang, and Yonghui Wu. 2020 · 2020
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TinyBERT: Distilling BERT for Natural Language Understanding
Xiaoqi Jiao, Yichun Yin, Lifeng Shang, Xin Jiang, Xiao Chen, Linlin Li, Fang Wang, and Qun Liu. 2020 · 2020
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Transformers are RNNs: Fast Autoregressive Transformers with Linear Attention
Angelos Katharopoulos, Apoorv Vyas, Nikolaos Pappas, and François Fleuret. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Reformer: The Efficient Transformer
Nikita Kitaev, Lukasz Kaiser, and Anselm Levskaya. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representations
Zhenzhong Lan, Mingda Chen, Sebastian Goodman, Kevin Gimpel, Piyush Sharma, and Radu Soricut. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
LadaBERT: Lightweight Adaptation of BERT through Hybrid Model Compression
Yihuan Mao, Yujing Wang, Chufan Wu, Chen Zhang, Yang Wang, Quanlu Zhang, Yaming Yang, Yunhai Tong, and Jing Bai. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Movement Pruning: Adaptive Sparsity by Fine-Tuning
Victor Sanh, Thomas Wolf, and Alexander M. Rush. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Q-BERT: Hessian Based Ultra Low Precision Quantization of BERT
Deja Vu: Contextual Sparsity for Efficient LLMs at Inference Time
Zichang Liu, Jue Wang, Tri Dao, Tianyi Zhou, Binhang Yuan, Zhao Song, Anshumali Shrivastava, Ce Zhang, Yuandong Tian, Christopher Ré, and Beidi Chen. 2023b · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
Split Computing and Early Exiting for Deep Learning Applications: Survey and Research Challenges
Yoshitomo Matsubara, Marco Levorato, and Francesco Restuccia. 2023 · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
One Wide Feedforward Is All You Need
Telmo Pires, António Vilarinho Lopes, Yannick Assogba, and Hendra Setiawan. 2023 · 2023
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Stanford alpaca: An instruction-following llama model
Rohan Taori, Ishaan Gulrajani, Tianyi Zhang, Yann Dubois, Xuechen Li, Carlos Guestrin, Percy Liang, and Tatsunori B. Hashimoto. 2023 · 2023
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Efficient Transformers: A Survey
Yi Tay, Mostafa Dehghani, Dara Bahri, and Donald Metzler. 2023 · 2023
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Sheng Shen, Zhen Dong, Jiayu Ye, Linjian Ma, Zhewei Yao, Amir Gholami, Michael W. Mahoney, and Kurt Keutzer. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
MobileBERT: A Compact Task-Agnostic BERT for Resource-Limited Devices
Zhiqing Sun, Hongkun Yu, Xiaodan Song, Renjie Liu, Yiming Yang, and Denny Zhou. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
HAT: Hardware-Aware Transformers for Efficient Natural Language Processing
Hanrui Wang, Zhanghao Wu, Zhijian Liu, Han Cai, Ligeng Zhu, Chuang Gan, and Song Han. 2020a · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Sumithra Bhakthavatsalam, Daniel Khashabi, Tushar Khot, Bhavana Dalvi Mishra, Kyle Richardson, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, Oyvind Tafjord, and Peter Clark. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Rethinking Attention with Performers
Krzysztof Marcin Choromanski, Valerii Likhosherstov, David Dohan, Xingyou Song, Andreea Gane, Tamás Sarlós, Peter Hawkins, Jared Quincy Davis, Afroz Mohiuddin, Lukasz Kaiser, David Benjamin Belanger, Lucy J. Colwell, and Adrian Weller. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, Christopher Hesse, and John Schulman. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
WEC: Deriving a Large-scale Cross-document Event Coreference dataset from Wikipedia
Alon Eirew, Arie Cattan, and Ido Dagan. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Tong Xiao and Jingbo Zhu. 2023 · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
H2O: Heavy-Hitter Oracle for Efficient Generative Inference of Large Language Models
Zhenyu Zhang, Ying Sheng, Tianyi Zhou, Tianlong Chen, Lianmin Zheng, Ruisi Cai, Zhao Song, Yuandong Tian, Christopher Ré, Clark W. Barrett, Zhangyang Wang, and Beidi Chen. 2023 · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
Unveiling A Core Linguistic Region in Large Language Models
Jun Zhao, Zhihao Zhang, Yide Ma, Qi Zhang, Tao Gui, Luhui Gao, and Xuanjing Huang. 2023 · 2023
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Keyformer: KV Cache reduction through key tokens selection for Efficient Generative Inference
Muhammad Adnan, Akhil Arunkumar, Gaurav Jain, Prashant J. Nair, Ilya Soloveychik, and Purushotham Kamath. 2024 · 2024
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CHAI: Clustered Head Attention for Efficient LLM Inference
Saurabh Agarwal, Bilge Acun, Basil Hosmer, Mostafa Elhoushi, Yejin Lee, Shivaram Venkataraman, Dimitris Papailiopoulos, and Carole-Jean Wu. 2024 · 2024
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Llama 3 Model Card
AI@Meta. 2024 · 2024
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Reducing Transformer Key-Value Cache Size with Cross-Layer Attention
William Brandon, Mayank Mishra, Aniruddha Nrusimha, Rameswar Panda, and Jonathan Ragan-Kelley. 2024 · 2024
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PyramidKV: Dynamic KV Cache Compression based on Pyramidal Information Funneling
Zefan Cai, Yichi Zhang, Bofei Gao, Yuliang Liu, Tianyu Liu, Keming Lu, Wayne Xiong, Yue Dong, Baobao Chang, Junjie Hu, and Wen Xiao. 2024 · 2024
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FlashAttention-2: Faster Attention with Better Parallelism and Work Partitioning
Tri Dao. 2024 · 2024
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DeepSeek-V2: A Strong, Economical, and Efficient Mixture-of-Experts Language Model
DeepSeek-AI, Aixin Liu, Bei Feng, Bin Wang, Bingxuan Wang, Bo Liu, Chenggang Zhao, Chengqi Deng, Chong Ruan, Damai Dai, Daya Guo, Dejian Yang, Deli Chen, Dongjie Ji, Erhang Li, Fangyun Lin, Fuli Luo, Guangbo Hao, Guanting Chen, Guowei Li, Hao Zhang, Hanwei Xu, Hao Yang, Haowei Zhang, Honghui Ding, Huajian Xin, Huazuo Gao, Hui Li, Hui Qu, J. L. Cai, Jian Liang, Jianzhong Guo, Jiaqi Ni, Jiashi Li, Jin Chen, Jingyang Yuan, Junjie Qiu, Junxiao Song, Kai Dong, Kaige Gao, Kang Guan, Lean Wang, Lecong Zhang, Lei Xu, Leyi Xia, Liang Zhao, Liyue Zhang, Meng Li, Miaojun Wang, Mingchuan Zhang, Minghua Zhang, Minghui Tang, Mingming Li, Ning Tian, Panpan Huang, Peiyi Wang, Peng Zhang, Qihao Zhu, Qinyu Chen, Qiushi Du, R. J. Chen, R. L. Jin, Ruiqi Ge, Ruizhe Pan, Runxin Xu, Ruyi Chen, S. S. Li, Shanghao Lu, Shangyan Zhou, Shanhuang Chen, Shaoqing Wu, Shengfeng Ye, Shirong Ma, Shiyu Wang, Shuang Zhou, Shuiping Yu, Shunfeng Zhou, Size Zheng, Tao Wang, Tian Pei, Tian Yuan, Tianyu Sun, W. L. Xiao, Wangding Zeng, Wei An, Wen Liu, Wenfeng Liang, Wenjun Gao, Wentao Zhang, X. Q. Li, Xiangyue Jin, Xianzu Wang, Xiao Bi, Xiaodong Liu, Xiaohan Wang, Xiaojin Shen, Xiaokang Chen, Xiaosha Chen, Xiaotao Nie, and Xiaowen Sun. 2024 · 2024
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A Simple and Effective L _ 2 L\_2 Norm-Based Strategy for KV Cache Compression
Alessio Devoto, Yu Zhao, Simone Scardapane, and Pasquale Minervini. 2024 · 2024
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Model Tells You What to Discard: Adaptive KV Cache Compression for LLMs
Suyu Ge, Yunan Zhang, Liyuan Liu, Minjia Zhang, Jiawei Han, and Jianfeng Gao. 2024 · 2024
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Zhiyu Guo, Hidetaka Kamigaito, and Taro Watanabe. 2024 · 2024
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GEAR: An Efficient KV Cache Compression Recipe for Near-Lossless Generative Inference of LLM
Hao Kang, Qingru Zhang, Souvik Kundu, Geonhwa Jeong, Zaoxing Liu, Tushar Krishna, and Tuo Zhao. 2024 · 2024
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Findings of the WMT24 General Machine Translation Shared Task: The LLM Era Is Here but MT Is Not Solved Yet
Tom Kocmi, Eleftherios Avramidis, Rachel Bawden, Ondrej Bojar, Anton Dvorkovich, Christian Federmann, Mark Fishel, Markus Freitag, Thamme Gowda, Roman Grundkiewicz, Barry Haddow, Marzena Karpinska, Philipp Koehn, Benjamin Marie, Christof Monz, Kenton Murray, Masaaki Nagata, Martin Popel, Maja Popovic, Mariya Shmatova, Steinthór Steingrímsson, and Vilém Zouhar. 2024 · 2024
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MiniCache: KV Cache Compression in Depth Dimension for Large Language Models
Akide Liu, Jing Liu, Zizheng Pan, Yefei He, Reza Haffari, and Bohan Zhuang. 2024 · 2024
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Gemma: Open Models Based on Gemini Research and Technology
Thomas Mesnard, Cassidy Hardin, Robert Dadashi, Surya Bhupatiraju, Shreya Pathak, Laurent Sifre, Morgane Rivière, Mihir Sanjay Kale, Juliette Love, Pouya Tafti, Léonard Hussenot, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Adam Roberts, Aditya Barua, Alex Botev, Alex Castro-Ros, Ambrose Slone, Amélie Héliou, Andrea Tacchetti, Anna Bulanova, Antonia Paterson, Beth Tsai, Bobak Shahriari, Charline Le Lan, Christopher A. Choquette-Choo, Clément Crepy, Daniel Cer, Daphne Ippolito, David Reid, Elena Buchatskaya, Eric Ni, Eric Noland, Geng Yan, George Tucker, George-Cristian Muraru, Grigory Rozhdestvenskiy, Henryk Michalewski, Ian Tenney, Ivan Grishchenko, Jacob Austin, James Keeling, Jane Labanowski, Jean-Baptiste Lespiau, Jeff Stanway, Jenny Brennan, Jeremy Chen, Johan Ferret, Justin Chiu, and et al. 2024 · 2024
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You Only Cache Once: Decoder-Decoder Architectures for Language Models
Yutao Sun, Li Dong, Yi Zhu, Shaohan Huang, Wenhui Wang, Shuming Ma, Quanlu Zhang, Jianyong Wang, and Furu Wei. 2024 · 2024
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Hybrid Alignment Training for Large Language Models
Chenglong Wang, Hang Zhou, Kaiyan Chang, Bei Li, Yongyu Mu, Tong Xiao, Tongran Liu, and JingBo Zhu. 2024 · 2024
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Layer-Condensed KV Cache for Efficient Inference of Large Language Models
Haoyi Wu and Kewei Tu. 2024 · 2024
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Sheared LLaMA: Accelerating Language Model Pre-training via Structured Pruning
Mengzhou Xia, Tianyu Gao, Zhiyuan Zeng, and Danqi Chen. 2024 · 2024
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Efficient Streaming Language Models with Attention Sinks
Guangxuan Xiao, Yuandong Tian, Beidi Chen, Song Han, and Mike Lewis. 2024 · 2024
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PyramidInfer: Pyramid KV Cache Compression for High-throughput LLM Inference
Dongjie Yang, Xiaodong Han, Yan Gao, Yao Hu, Shilin Zhang, and Hai Zhao. 2024 · 2024
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Llamafactory: Unified efficient fine-tuning of 100+ language models
Yaowei Zheng, Richong Zhang, Junhao Zhang, Yanhan Ye, Zheyan Luo, Zhangchi Feng, and Yongqiang Ma. 2024 · 2024
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Not All Layers of LLMs Are Necessary During Inference
Siqi Fan, Xin Jiang, Xiang Li, Xuying Meng, Peng Han, Shuo Shang, Aixin Sun, and Yequan Wang. 2025 · 2025
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The Unreasonable Ineffectiveness of the Deeper Layers
Andrey Gromov, Kushal Tirumala, Hassan Shapourian, Paolo Glorioso, and Daniel A. Roberts. 2025 · 2025
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Model Hemorrhage and the Robustness Limits of Large Language Models
Ziyang Ma, Zuchao Li, Lefei Zhang, Gui-Song Xia, Bo Du, Liangpei Zhang, and Dacheng Tao. 2025 · 2025
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ShortGPT: Layers in Large Language Models are More Redundant Than You Expect
Xin Men, Mingyu Xu, Qingyu Zhang, Qianhao Yuan, Bingning Wang, Hongyu Lin, Yaojie Lu, Xianpei Han, and Weipeng Chen. 2025 · 2025
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