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In prompt tuning, a prefix or suffix text is added to the prompt, and the embeddings (soft prompts) or token indices (hard prompts) of the prefix/suffix are optimized to gain more control over language models for specific tasks.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al. 2020 · 1901
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Boolq: Exploring the surprising difficulty of natural yes/no questions
Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, Ming-Wei Chang, Tom Kwiatkowski, Michael Collins, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019 · 1905
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Few-shot parameter-efficient fine-tuning is better and cheaper than in-context learning
Haokun Liu, Derek Tam, Mohammed Muqeeth, Jay Mohta, Tenghao Huang, Mohit Bansal, and Colin A Raffel. 2022 · 1965
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Visual feature extraction by a multilayered network of analog threshold elements
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A singular value thresholding algorithm for matrix completion
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The third pascal recognizing textual entailment challenge
Danilo Giampiccolo, Bernardo Magnini, Ido Dagan, and William B Dolan. 2007 · 2007
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Rectified linear units improve restricted boltzmann machines
Vinod Nair and Geoffrey E Hinton. 2010 · 2010
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Autoprompt: Eliciting knowledge from language models with automatically generated prompts
Taylor Shin, Yasaman Razeghi, Robert L Logan IV, Eric Wallace, and Sameer Singh. 2020 · 2010
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Recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank
Richard Socher, Alex Perelygin, Jean Wu, Jason Chuang, Christopher D. Manning, Andrew Ng, and Christopher Potts. 2013 · 2013
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Fast and accurate deep network learning by exponential linear units (elus)
Djork-Arné Clevert, Thomas Unterthiner, and Sepp Hochreiter. 2015 · 2015
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Character-level convolutional networks for text classification
Xiang Zhang, Junbo Zhao, and Yann LeCun. 2015 · 2015
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Gaussian error linear units (gelus)
Dan Hendrycks and Kevin Gimpel. 2016 · 2016
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Wic: the word-in-context dataset for evaluating context-sensitive meaning representations
Mohammad Taher Pilehvar and Jose Camacho-Collados. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Adafactor: Adaptive learning rates with sublinear memory cost
Noam Shazeer and Mitchell Stern. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
The commitmentbank: Investigating projection in naturally occurring discourse
Marie-Catherine De Marneffe, Mandy Simons, and Judith Tonhauser. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Superglue: A stickier benchmark for general-purpose language understanding systems
Alex Wang, Yada Pruksachatkun, Nikita Nangia, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel Bowman. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Multitask prompted training enables zero-shot task generalization
Victor Sanh, Albert Webson, Colin Raffel, Stephen H Bach, Lintang Sutawika, Zaid Alyafeai, Antoine Chaffin, Arnaud Stiegler, Teven Le Scao, Arun Raja, et al. 2021 · 2021
Later among the works it cites.
Attempt: Parameter-efficient multi-task tuning via attentional mixtures of soft prompts
Akari Asai, Mohammadreza Salehi, Matthew E Peters, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2022 · 2022
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Toward human readable prompt tuning: Kubrick’s the shining is a good movie, and a good prompt too?
Weijia Shi, Xiaochuang Han, Hila Gonen, Ari Holtzman, Yulia Tsvetkov, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2022 · 2022
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Lst: Ladder side-tuning for parameter and memory efficient transfer learning
Yi-Lin Sung, Jaemin Cho, and Mohit Bansal. 2022 · 2022
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Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J Liu. 2020 · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Openprompt: An open-source framework for prompt-learning
Ning Ding, Shengding Hu, Weilin Zhao, Yulin Chen, Zhiyuan Liu, Hai-Tao Zheng, and Maosong Sun. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models
Edward J Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, and Weizhu Chen. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Prompt waywardness: The curious case of discretized interpretation of continuous prompts
Daniel Khashabi, Shane Lyu, Sewon Min, Lianhui Qin, Kyle Richardson, Sean Welleck, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Sameer Singh, et al. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
The power of scale for parameter-efficient prompt tuning
Brian Lester, Rami Al-Rfou, and Noah Constant. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Prefix-tuning: Optimizing continuous prompts for generation
Xiang Lisa Li and Percy Liang. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al. 2023 · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
Albert Q Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Mensch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guillaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Dept: Decomposed prompt tuning for parameter-efficient fine-tuning
Zhengxiang Shi and Aldo Lipani. 2023 · 2023
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Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models
Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Albert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti Bhosale, et al. 2023 · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
Multitask prompt tuning enables parameter-efficient transfer learning
Zhen Wang, Rameswar Panda, Leonid Karlinsky, Rogerio Feris, Huan Sun, and Yoon Kim. 2023 · 2023
Later among the works it cites.
Scaling instruction-finetuned language models
Hyung Won Chung, Le Hou, Shayne Longpre, Barret Zoph, Yi Tay, William Fedus, Yunxuan Li, Xuezhi Wang, Mostafa Dehghani, Siddhartha Brahma, et al. 2024 · 2024
Closest in time.
Hard prompts made easy: Gradient-based discrete optimization for prompt tuning and discovery
Yuxin Wen, Neel Jain, John Kirchenbauer, Micah Goldblum, Jonas Geiping, and Tom Goldstein. 2024 · 2024
Closest in time.