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Multiple-choice questions (MCQ) are frequently used to assess large language models (LLMs).
A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales
Jacob Cohen · 1960
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RACE: Large-scale ReAding comprehension dataset from examinations
Guokun Lai, Qizhe Xie, Hanxiao Liu, Yiming Yang, and Eduard Hovy · 2017
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord · 2018
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Can a suit of armor conduct electricity? a new dataset for open book question answering
Todor Mihaylov, Peter Clark, Tushar Khot, and Ashish Sabharwal · 2018
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CommonsenseQA: A question answering challenge targeting commonsense knowledge
Alon Talmor, Jonathan Herzig, Nicholas Lourie, and Jonathan Berant · 2019
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Huggingface’s transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing
Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, Rémi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, and Jamie Brew · 2019
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HellaSwag: Can a machine really finish your sentence?
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Piqa: Reasoning about physical commonsense in natural language
Yonatan Bisk, Rowan Zellers, Ronan Le bras, Jianfeng Gao, and Yejin Choi · 2020
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, et al · 2020
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GPT-Neo: Large Scale Autoregressive Language Modeling with Mesh-Tensorflow, March 2021
Sid Black, Gao Leo, Phil Wang, Connor Leahy, and Stella Biderman · 2021
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
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Winogrande: an adversarial winograd schema challenge at scale
Keisuke Sakaguchi, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavatula, and Yejin Choi · 2021
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https://chat.openai.com/chat , 2022
OpenAI · 2022
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Medmcqa: A large-scale multi-subject multi-choice dataset for medical domain question answering
Ankit Pal, Logesh Kumar Umapathi, and Malaikannan Sankarasubbu · 2022
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Leveraging large language models for multiple choice question answering
Joshua Robinson, Christopher Rytting, and David Wingate · 2022
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Opt: Open pre-trained transformer language models
Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Mikel Artetxe, Moya Chen, Shuohui Chen, Christopher Dewan, Mona Diab, Xian Li, Xi Victoria Lin, Todor Mihaylov, Myle Ott, Sam Shleifer, Kurt Shuster, Daniel Simig, Punit Singh Koura, Anjali Sridhar, Tianlu Wang, and Luke Zettlemoyer · 2022
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Model card and evaluations for claude models, 2023
Anthropic · 2023
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Jinze Bai, Shuai Bai, Yunfei Chu, Zeyu Cui, Kai Dang, Xiaodong Deng, Yang Fan, Wenbin Ge, Yu Han, Fei Huang, Binyuan Hui, Luo Ji, Mei Li, Junyang Lin, Runji Lin, Dayiheng Liu, Gao Liu, Chengqiang Lu, Keming Lu, Jianxin Ma, Rui Men, Xingzhang Ren, Xuancheng Ren, Chuanqi Tan, Sinan Tan, Jianhong Tu, Peng Wang, Shijie Wang, Wei Wang, Shengguang Wu, Benfeng Xu, Jin Xu, An Yang, Hao Yang, Jian Yang, Shusheng Yang, Yang Yao, Bowen Yu, Hongyi Yuan, Zheng Yuan, Jianwei Zhang, Xingxuan Zhang, Yichang Zhang, Zhenru Zhang, Chang Zhou, Jingren Zhou, Xiaohuan Zhou, and Tianhang Zhu · 2023
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Open llm leaderboard
Edward Beeching, Clémentine Fourrier, Nathan Habib, Sheon Han, Nathan Lambert, Nazneen Rajani, Omar Sanseviero, Lewis Tunstall, and Thomas Wolf · 2023
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Pythia: A suite for analyzing large language models across training and scaling
Stella Biderman, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Gregory Anthony, Herbie Bradley, Kyle O’Brien, Eric Hallahan, Mohammad Aflah Khan, Shivanshu Purohit, USVSN Sai Prashanth, Edward Raff, et al · 2023
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Vicuna: An open-source chatbot impressing gpt-4 with 90%* chatgpt quality, March 2023
Wei-Lin Chiang, Zhuohan Li, Zi Lin, Ying Sheng, Zhanghao Wu, Hao Zhang, Lianmin Zheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Yonghao Zhuang, Joseph E. Gonzalez, Ion Stoica, and Eric P. Xing · 2023
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Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models
Hugo Touvron, Thibaut Lavril, Gautier Izacard, Xavier Martinet, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Timothée Lacroix, Baptiste Rozière, Naman Goyal, Eric Hambro, Faisal Azhar, et al · 2023
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Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models
Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Albert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti Bhosale, et al · 2023
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Large language models are not fair evaluators
Peiyi Wang, Lei Li, Liang Chen, Zefan Cai, Dawei Zhu, Binghuai Lin, Yunbo Cao, Qi Liu, Tianyu Liu, and Zhifang Sui · 2023
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Prompting large language model for machine translation: A case study
Biao Zhang, Barry Haddow, and Alexandra Birch · 2023
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Increasing diversity while maintaining accuracy: Text data generation with large language models and human interventions
John Chung, Ece Kamar, and Saleema Amershi · 2023
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Cerebras-gpt: Open compute-optimal language models trained on the cerebras wafer-scale cluster
Nolan Dey, Gurpreet Gosal, Zhiming, Chen, Hemant Khachane, William Marshall, Ribhu Pathria, Marvin Tom, and Joel Hestness · 2023
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A framework for few-shot language model evaluation, 12 2023
Leo Gao, Jonathan Tow, Baber Abbasi, Stella Biderman, Sid Black, Anthony DiPofi, Charles Foster, Laurence Golding, Jeffrey Hsu, Alain Le Noac’h, Haonan Li, Kyle McDonell, Niklas Muennighoff, Chris Ociepa, Jason Phang, Laria Reynolds, Hailey Schoelkopf, Aviya Skowron, Lintang Sutawika, Eric Tang, Anish Thite, Ben Wang, Kevin Wang, and Andy Zou · 2023
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https://ai.google.dev/ , 2023
Google · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Starcoder: may the source be with you!
Raymond Li, Loubna Ben Allal, Yangtian Zi, Niklas Muennighoff, Denis Kocetkov, Chenghao Mou, Marc Marone, Christopher Akiki, et al · 2023
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Alpacaeval: An automatic evaluator of instruction-following models
Xuechen Li, Tianyi Zhang, Yann Dubois, Rohan Taori, Ishaan Gulrajani, Carlos Guestrin, Percy Liang, and Tatsunori B. Hashimoto · 2023
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On learning to summarize with large language models as references
Yixin Liu, Kejian Shi, Katherine S He, Longtian Ye, Alexander R. Fabbri, Pengfei Liu, Dragomir Radev, and Arman Cohan · 2023
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Large language models sensitivity to the order of options in multiple-choice questions
Pouya Pezeshkpour and Estevam Hruschka · 2023
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Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric P. Xing, Hao Zhang, Joseph E. Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica · 2023
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Multilingual machine translation with large language models: Empirical results and analysis
Wenhao Zhu, Hongyi Liu, Qingxiu Dong, Jingjing Xu, Shujian Huang, Lingpeng Kong, Jiajun Chen, and Lei Li · 2023
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Llama 3 model card
AI@Meta · 2024
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https://www.anthropic.com/claude , 2024
Anthropic · 2024
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Olmo: Accelerating the science of language models
Dirk Groeneveld, Iz Beltagy, Pete Walsh, Akshita Bhagia, Rodney Kinney, Oyvind Tafjord, Ananya Harsh Jha, Hamish Ivison, Ian Magnusson, Yizhong Wang, Shane Arora, David Atkinson, Russell Authur, Khyathi Chandu, Arman Cohan, Jennifer Dumas, Yanai Elazar, Yuling Gu, Jack Hessel, Tushar Khot, William Merrill, Jacob Morrison, Niklas Muennighoff, Aakanksha Naik, Crystal Nam, Matthew E. Peters, Valentina Pyatkin, Abhilasha Ravichander, Dustin Schwenk, Saurabh Shah, Will Smith, Nishant Subramani, Mitchell Wortsman, Pradeep Dasigi, Nathan Lambert, Kyle Richardson, Jesse Dodge, Kyle Lo, Luca Soldaini, Noah A. Smith, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi · 2024
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https://chat.mistral.ai/chat , 2024
Mistral · 2024
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Mpt-1b redpajama-200b
MosaicML · 2024
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OpenAI · 2024
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Code llama: Open foundation models for code
Baptiste Rozière, Jonas Gehring, Fabian Gloeckle, Sten Sootla, Itai Gat, Xiaoqing Ellen Tan, Yossi Adi, Jingyu Liu, Romain Sauvestre, Tal Remez, Jérémy Rapin, Artyom Kozhevnikov, Ivan Evtimov, Joanna Bitton, Manish Bhatt, Cristian Canton Ferrer, Aaron Grattafiori, Wenhan Xiong, Alexandre Défossez, Jade Copet, Faisal Azhar, Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Nicolas Usunier, Thomas Scialom, and Gabriel Synnaeve · 2024
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Gemma: Open models based on gemini research and technology
Gemma Team · 2024
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Tinyllama: An open-source small language model
Peiyuan Zhang, Guangtao Zeng, Tianduo Wang, and Wei Lu · 2024
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Large language models are not robust multiple choice selectors
Chujie Zheng, Hao Zhou, Fandong Meng, Jie Zhou, and Minlie Huang · 2024
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