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Language models (LMs) are bound to their tokenizer, which maps raw text to a sequence of vocabulary items (tokens).
Jieba chinese word segmentation tool
Junyi Sun · 2012
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Efficient estimation of word representations in vector space, 2013
Tomas Mikolov, Kai Chen, Greg Corrado, and Jeffrey Dean · 2013
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A SICK cure for the evaluation of compositional distributional semantic models
Marco Marelli, Stefano Menini, Marco Baroni, Luisa Bentivogli, Raffaella Bernardi, and Roberto Zamparelli · 2014
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Neural machine translation of rare words with subword units
Rico Sennrich, Barry Haddow, and Alexandra Birch · 2016
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Hypernetworks
David Ha, Andrew M. Dai, and Quoc V. Le · 2017
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Mimicking word embeddings using subword rnns
Yuval Pinter, Robert Guthrie, and Jacob Eisenstein · 2017
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JAX: composable transformations of Python+NumPy programs, 2018
James Bradbury, Roy Frostig, Peter Hawkins, Matthew James Johnson, Chris Leary, Dougal Maclaurin, George Necula, Adam Paszke, Jake VanderPlas, Skye Wanderman-Milne, and Qiao Zhang · 2018
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord · 2018
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XNLI: Evaluating cross-lingual sentence representations
Alexis Conneau, Ruty Rinott, Guillaume Lample, Adina Williams, Samuel Bowman, Holger Schwenk, and Veselin Stoyanov · 2018
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Subword regularization: Improving neural network translation models with multiple subword candidates
Taku Kudo · 2018
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SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for neural text processing
Taku Kudo and John Richardson · 2018
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Ensemble learning: A survey
Omer Sagi and Lior Rokach · 2018
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BoolQ: Exploring the surprising difficulty of natural yes/no questions
Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, Ming-Wei Chang, Tom Kwiatkowski, Michael Collins, and Kristina Toutanova · 2019
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Cross-lingual language model pretraining
Alexis Conneau and Guillaume Lample · 2019
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BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova · 2019
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Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach, 2019
Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov · 2019
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Decoupled weight decay regularization
Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter · 2019
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Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
Alec Radford, Jeff Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, and Ilya Sutskever · 2019
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Attentive mimicking: Better word embeddings by attending to informative contexts
Timo Schick and Hinrich Schütze · 2019
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HellaSwag: Can a machine really finish your sentence?
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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On the cross-lingual transferability of monolingual representations
Mikel Artetxe, Sebastian Ruder, and Dani Yogatama · 2020
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Piqa: Reasoning about physical commonsense in natural language
Yonatan Bisk, Rowan Zellers, Ronan Le Bras, Jianfeng Gao, and Yejin Choi · 2020
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Unsupervised cross-lingual representation learning at scale
Alexis Conneau, Kartikay Khandelwal, Naman Goyal, Vishrav Chaudhary, Guillaume Wenzek, Francisco Guzmán, Edouard Grave, Myle Ott, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov · 2020
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei · 2020
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Colbert: Efficient and effective passage search via contextualized late interaction over bert
Omar Khattab and Matei Zaharia · 2020
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XCOPA: A multilingual dataset for causal commonsense reasoning
Edoardo Maria Ponti, Goran Glavaš, Olga Majewska, Qianchu Liu, Ivan Vulić, and Anna Korhonen · 2020
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BERTRAM: Improved word embeddings have big impact on contextualized model performance
Timo Schick and Hinrich Schütze · 2020
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From english to foreign languages: Transferring pre-trained language models
Ke Tran · 2020
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Rethinking embedding coupling in pre-trained language models
Hyung Won Chung, Thibault Fevry, Henry Tsai, Melvin Johnson, and Sebastian Ruder · 2021
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As good as new. how to successfully recycle English GPT-2 to make models for other languages
Wietse de Vries and Malvina Nissim · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
xval: A continuous number encoding for large language models
Siavash Golkar, Mariel Pettee, Michael Eickenberg, Alberto Bietti, Miles Cranmer, Geraud Krawezik, Francois Lanusse, Michael McCabe, Ruben Ohana, Liam Parker, Bruno Régaldo-Saint Blancard, Tiberiu Tesileanu, Kyunghyun Cho, and Shirley Ho · 2023
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Distilling step-by-step! outperforming larger language models with less training data and smaller model sizes
Cheng-Yu Hsieh, Chun-Liang Li, Chih-kuan Yeh, Hootan Nakhost, Yasuhisa Fujii, Alex Ratner, Ranjay Krishna, Chen-Yu Lee, and Tomas Pfister · 2023
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Editing models with task arithmetic
Gabriel Ilharco, Marco Tulio Ribeiro, Mitchell Wortsman, Ludwig Schmidt, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, and Ali Farhadi · 2023
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Mistral 7b, 2023
Albert Q. Jiang, Alexandre Sablayrolles, Arthur Mensch, Chris Bamford, Devendra Singh Chaplot, Diego de las Casas, Florian Bressand, Gianna Lengyel, Guillaume Lample, Lucile Saulnier, Lélio Renard Lavaud, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Pierre Stock, Teven Le Scao, Thibaut Lavril, Thomas Wang, Timothée Lacroix, and William El Sayed · 2023
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Madlad-400: A multilingual and document-level large audited dataset, 2023
Sneha Kudugunta, Isaac Caswell, Biao Zhang, Xavier Garcia, Christopher A. Choquette-Choo, Katherine Lee, Derrick Xin, Aditya Kusupati, Romi Stella, Ankur Bapna, and Orhan Firat · 2023
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Between words and characters: A brief history of open-vocabulary modeling and tokenization in nlp, 2021
Sabrina J. Mielke, Zaid Alyafeai, Elizabeth Salesky, Colin Raffel, Manan Dey, Matthias Gallé, Arun Raja, Chenglei Si, Wilson Y. Lee, Benoît Sagot, and Samson Tan · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
How good is your tokenizer? on the monolingual performance of multilingual language models
Phillip Rust, Jonas Pfeiffer, Ivan Vulić, Sebastian Ruder, and Iryna Gurevych · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
SICK-NL: A dataset for Dutch natural language inference
Gijs Wijnholds and Michael Moortgat · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
GPT-NeoX-20B: An open-source autoregressive language model
Sidney Black, Stella Biderman, Eric Hallahan, Quentin Anthony, Leo Gao, Laurence Golding, Horace He, Connor Leahy, Kyle McDonell, Jason Phang, Michael Pieler, Usvsn Sai Prashanth, Shivanshu Purohit, Laria Reynolds, Jonathan Tow, Ben Wang, and Samuel Weinbach · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Canine: Pre-training an efficient tokenization-free encoder for language representation
Jonathan H. Clark, Dan Garrette, Iulia Turc, and John Wieting · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
AmericasNLI: Evaluating zero-shot natural language understanding of pretrained multilingual models in truly low-resource languages
Abteen Ebrahimi, Manuel Mager, Arturo Oncevay, Vishrav Chaudhary, Luis Chiruzzo, Angela Fan, John Ortega, Ricardo Ramos, Annette Rios, Ivan Vladimir Meza Ruiz, Gustavo Giménez-Lugo, Elisabeth Mager, Graham Neubig, Alexis Palmer, Rolando Coto-Solano, Thang Vu, and Katharina Kann · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Fast vocabulary transfer for language model compression
Leonidas Gee, Andrea Zugarini, Leonardo Rigutini, and Paolo Torroni · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
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Okapi: Instruction-tuned large language models in multiple languages with reinforcement learning from human feedback
Viet Lai, Chien Nguyen, Nghia Ngo, Thuat Nguyen, Franck Dernoncourt, Ryan Rossi, and Thien Nguyen · 2023
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Starcoder: may the source be with you!
Raymond Li, Loubna Ben allal, Yangtian Zi, Niklas Muennighoff, Denis Kocetkov, Chenghao Mou, Marc Marone, Christopher Akiki, Jia LI, Jenny Chim, Qian Liu, Evgenii Zheltonozhskii, Terry Yue Zhuo, Thomas Wang, Olivier Dehaene, Joel Lamy-Poirier, Joao Monteiro, Nicolas Gontier, Ming-Ho Yee, Logesh Kumar Umapathi, Jian Zhu, Ben Lipkin, Muhtasham Oblokulov, Zhiruo Wang, Rudra Murthy, Jason T Stillerman, Siva Sankalp Patel, Dmitry Abulkhanov, Marco Zocca, Manan Dey, Zhihan Zhang, Urvashi Bhattacharyya, Wenhao Yu, Sasha Luccioni, Paulo Villegas, Fedor Zhdanov, Tony Lee, Nadav Timor, Jennifer Ding, Claire S Schlesinger, Hailey Schoelkopf, Jan Ebert, Tri Dao, Mayank Mishra, Alex Gu, Carolyn Jane Anderson, Brendan Dolan-Gavitt, Danish Contractor, Siva Reddy, Daniel Fried, Dzmitry Bahdanau, Yacine Jernite, Carlos Muñoz Ferrandis, Sean Hughes, Thomas Wolf, Arjun Guha, Leandro Von Werra, and Harm de Vries · 2023
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Yihong Liu, Peiqin Lin, Mingyang Wang, and Hinrich Schütze · 2023
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The flan collection: Designing data and methods for effective instruction tuning
Shayne Longpre, Le Hou, Tu Vu, Albert Webson, Hyung Won Chung, Yi Tay, Denny Zhou, Quoc V Le, Barret Zoph, Jason Wei, et al · 2023
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Mini-model adaptation: Efficiently extending pretrained models to new languages via aligned shallow training
Kelly Marchisio, Patrick Lewis, Yihong Chen, and Mikel Artetxe · 2023
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Octopack: Instruction tuning code large language models
Niklas Muennighoff, Qian Liu, Armel Zebaze, Qinkai Zheng, Binyuan Hui, Terry Yue Zhuo, Swayam Singh, Xiangru Tang, Leandro von Werra, and Shayne Longpre · 2023
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Efficient transformers with dynamic token pooling
Piotr Nawrot, Jan Chorowski, Adrian Lancucki, and Edoardo Maria Ponti · 2023
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Language model tokenizers introduce unfairness between languages
Aleksandar Petrov, Emanuele La Malfa, Philip Torr, and Adel Bibi · 2023
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Adapters: A unified library for parameter-efficient and modular transfer learning
Clifton Poth, Hannah Sterz, Indraneil Paul, Sukannya Purkayastha, Leon Engländer, Timo Imhof, Ivan Vulić, Sebastian Ruder, Iryna Gurevych, and Jonas Pfeiffer · 2023
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Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models, 2023
Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Albert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti Bhosale, Dan Bikel, Lukas Blecher, Cristian Canton Ferrer, Moya Chen, Guillem Cucurull, David Esiobu, Jude Fernandes, Jeremy Fu, Wenyin Fu, Brian Fuller, Cynthia Gao, Vedanuj Goswami, Naman Goyal, Anthony Hartshorn, Saghar Hosseini, Rui Hou, Hakan Inan, Marcin Kardas, Viktor Kerkez, Madian Khabsa, Isabel Kloumann, Artem Korenev, Punit Singh Koura, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Thibaut Lavril, Jenya Lee, Diana Liskovich, Yinghai Lu, Yuning Mao, Xavier Martinet, Todor Mihaylov, Pushkar Mishra, Igor Molybog, Yixin Nie, Andrew Poulton, Jeremy Reizenstein, Rashi Rungta, Kalyan Saladi, Alan Schelten, Ruan Silva, Eric Michael Smith, Ranjan Subramanian, Xiaoqing Ellen Tan, Binh Tang, Ross Taylor, Adina Williams, Jian Xiang Kuan, Puxin Xu, Zheng Yan, Iliyan Zarov, Yuchen Zhang, Angela Fan, Melanie Kambadur, Sharan Narang, Aurelien Rodriguez, Robert Stojnic, Sergey Edunov, and Thomas Scialom · 2023
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TIES-merging: Resolving interference when merging models
Prateek Yadav, Derek Tam, Leshem Choshen, Colin Raffel, and Mohit Bansal · 2023
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MEGABYTE: Predicting million-byte sequences with multiscale transformers
Lili Yu, Daniel Simig, Colin Flaherty, Armen Aghajanyan, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Mike Lewis · 2023
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Judging llm-as-a-judge with mt-bench and chatbot arena, 2023
Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric. P Xing, Hao Zhang, Joseph E. Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica · 2023
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Getting the most out of your tokenizer for pre-training and domain adaptation, 2024
Gautier Dagan, Gabriel Synnaeve, and Baptiste Rozière · 2024
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Olmo: Accelerating the science of language models
Dirk Groeneveld, Iz Beltagy, Pete Walsh, Akshita Bhagia, Rodney Kinney, Oyvind Tafjord, Ananya Harsh Jha, Hamish Ivison, Ian Magnusson, Yizhong Wang, Shane Arora, David Atkinson, Russell Authur, Khyathi Chandu, Arman Cohan, Jennifer Dumas, Yanai Elazar, Yuling Gu, Jack Hessel, Tushar Khot, William Merrill, Jacob Morrison, Niklas Muennighoff, Aakanksha Naik, Crystal Nam, Matthew E. Peters, Valentina Pyatkin, Abhilasha Ravichander, Dustin Schwenk, Saurabh Shah, Will Smith, Nishant Subramani, Mitchell Wortsman, Pradeep Dasigi, Nathan Lambert, Kyle Richardson, Jesse Dodge, Kyle Lo, Luca Soldaini, Noah A. Smith, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi · 2024
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Fishing for magikarp: Automatically detecting under-trained tokens in large language models, 2024
Sander Land and Max Bartolo · 2024
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Nemotron-4 15b technical report, 2024
Jupinder Parmar, Shrimai Prabhumoye, Joseph Jennings, Mostofa Patwary, Sandeep Subramanian, Dan Su, Chen Zhu, Deepak Narayanan, Aastha Jhunjhunwala, Ayush Dattagupta, Vibhu Jawa, Jiwei Liu, Ameya Mahabaleshwarkar, Osvald Nitski, Annika Brundyn, James Maki, Miguel Martinez, Jiaxuan You, John Kamalu, Patrick LeGresley, Denys Fridman, Jared Casper, Ashwath Aithal, Oleksii Kuchaiev, Mohammad Shoeybi, Jonathan Cohen, and Bryan Catanzaro · 2024
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Dolma: an Open Corpus of Three Trillion Tokens for Language Model Pretraining Research
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Greed is all you need: An evaluation of tokenizer inference methods, 2024
Omri Uzan, Craig W. Schmidt, Chris Tanner, and Yuval Pinter · 2024
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Mambabyte: Token-free selective state space model, 2024
Junxiong Wang, Tushaar Gangavarapu, Jing Nathan Yan, and Alexander M Rush · 2024
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Tinyllama: An open-source small language model, 2024
Peiyuan Zhang, Guangtao Zeng, Tianduo Wang, and Wei Lu · 2024
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