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We study the design decisions of publicly available instruction tuning methods, and break down the development of Flan 2022 (Chung et al., 2022).
Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J Liu · 1910
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The fifth pascal recognizing textual entailment challenge
Luisa Bentivogli, Peter Clark, Ido Dagan, and Danilo Giampiccolo · 2009
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Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality
Tomas Mikolov, Ilya Sutskever, Kai Chen, Greg S Corrado, and Jeff Dean · 2013
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Semi-supervised sequence learning
Andrew M Dai and Quoc V Le · 2015
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord · 2018
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The natural language decathlon: Multitask learning as question answering
Bryan McCann, Nitish Shirish Keskar, Caiming Xiong, and Richard Socher · 2018
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Deep contextualized word representations
Matthew E. Peters, Mark Neumann, Mohit Iyyer, Matt Gardner, Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, and Luke Zettlemoyer · 2018
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Know what you don’t know: Unanswerable questions for squad
Pranav Rajpurkar, Robin Jia, and Percy Liang · 2018
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Lessons from natural language inference in the clinical domain
Alexey Romanov and Chaitanya Shivade · 2018
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Boolq: Exploring the surprising difficulty of natural yes/no questions
Christopher Clark, Kenton Lee, Ming-Wei Chang, Tom Kwiatkowski, Michael Collins, and Kristina Toutanova · 2019
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BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova · 2019
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Cosmos qa: Machine reading comprehension with contextual commonsense reasoning
Lifu Huang, Ronan Le Bras, Chandra Bhagavatula, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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PubMedQA: A dataset for biomedical research question answering
Qiao Jin, Bhuwan Dhingra, Zhengping Liu, William Cohen, and Xinghua Lu · 2019
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Unifying question answering, text classification, and regression via span extraction
Nitish Shirish Keskar, Bryan McCann, Caiming Xiong, and Richard Socher · 2019
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Multi-task deep neural networks for natural language understanding
Xiaodong Liu, Pengcheng He, Weizhu Chen, and Jianfeng Gao · 2019
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Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, Ilya Sutskever, et al · 2019
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The woman worked as a babysitter: On biases in language generation
Emily Sheng, Kai-Wei Chang, Premkumar Natarajan, and Nanyun Peng · 2019
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Commonsenseqa: A question answering challenge targeting commonsense knowledge
Alon Talmor, Jonathan Herzig, Nicholas Lourie, and Jonathan Berant · 2019
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Universal adversarial triggers for attacking and analyzing NLP
Eric Wallace, Shi Feng, Nikhil Kandpal, Matt Gardner, and Sameer Singh · 2019
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Defending against neural fake news
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Hannah Rashkin, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, Franziska Roesner, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D. Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Chris Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei · 2020
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The pile: An 800gb dataset of diverse text for language modeling
Leo Gao, Stella Biderman, Sid Black, Laurence Golding, Travis Hoppe, Charles Foster, Jason Phang, Horace He, Anish Thite, Noa Nabeshima, et al · 2020
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2020
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UnifiedQA: Crossing format boundaries with a single QA system
Daniel Khashabi, Sewon Min, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Oyvind Tafjord, Peter Clark, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi · 2020
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BART: Denoising sequence-to-sequence pre-training for natural language generation, translation, and comprehension
Mike Lewis, Yinhan Liu, Naman Goyal, Marjan Ghazvininejad, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Omer Levy, Veselin Stoyanov, and Luke Zettlemoyer · 2020
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How effective is task-agnostic data augmentation for pretrained transformers?
Shayne Longpre, Yu Wang, and Chris DuBois · 2020
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On faithfulness and factuality in abstractive summarization
Joshua Maynez, Shashi Narayan, Bernd Bohnet, and Ryan McDonald · 2020
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The radicalization risks of gpt-3 and advanced neural language models
Kris McGuffie and Alex Newhouse · 2020
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A diverse corpus for evaluating and developing english math word problem solvers
Shen-Yun Miao, Chao-Chun Liang, and Keh-Yih Su · 2020
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Adversarial nli: A new benchmark for natural language understanding
Yixin Nie, Adina Williams, Emily Dinan, Mohit Bansal, Jason Weston, and Douwe Kiela · 2020
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Intermediate-task transfer learning with pretrained language models: When and why does it work?
Yada Pruksachatkun, Jason Phang, Haokun Liu, Phu Mon Htut, Xiaoyi Zhang, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Clara Vania, Katharina Kann, and Samuel Bowman · 2020
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Exploring and predicting transferability across NLP tasks
Tu Vu, Tong Wang, Tsendsuren Munkhdalai, Alessandro Sordoni, Adam Trischler, Andrew Mattarella-Micke, Subhransu Maji, and Mohit Iyyer · 2020
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Muppet: Massive multi-task representations with pre-finetuning
Armen Aghajanyan, Anchit Gupta, Akshat Shrivastava, Xilun Chen, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Sonal Gupta · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Attributed text generation via post-hoc research and revision
Luyu Gao, Zhuyun Dai, Panupong Pasupat, Anthony Chen, Arun Tejasvi Chaganty, Yicheng Fan, Vincent Y Zhao, Ni Lao, Hongrae Lee, Da-Cheng Juan, et al · 2022
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Improving alignment of dialogue agents via targeted human judgements
Amelia Glaese, Nat McAleese, Maja Trębacz, John Aslanides, Vlad Firoiu, Timo Ewalds, Maribeth Rauh, Laura Weidinger, Martin Chadwick, Phoebe Thacker, et al · 2022
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Improving zero and few-shot generalization in dialogue through instruction tuning
Prakhar Gupta, Cathy Jiao, Yi-Ting Yeh, Shikib Mehri, Maxine Eskenazi, and Jeffrey P Bigham · 2022
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Towards a unified view of parameter-efficient transfer learning
Junxian He, Chunting Zhou, Xuezhe Ma, Taylor Berg-Kirkpatrick, and Graham Neubig · 2022
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Vamsi Aribandi, Yi Tay, Tal Schuster, Jinfeng Rao, Huaixiu Steven Zheng, Sanket Vaibhav Mehta, Honglei Zhuang, Vinh Q Tran, Dara Bahri, Jianmo Ni, et al · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
On the opportunities and risks of foundation models
Rishi Bommasani, Drew A Hudson, Ehsan Adeli, Russ Altman, Simran Arora, Sydney von Arx, Michael S Bernstein, Jeannette Bohg, Antoine Bosselut, Emma Brunskill, et al · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, Christopher Hesse, and John Schulman · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Did aristotle use a laptop? a question answering benchmark with implicit reasoning strategies
Mor Geva, Daniel Khashabi, Elad Segal, Tushar Khot, Dan Roth, and Jonathan Berant · 2021
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Lora: Low-rank adaptation of large language models
Edward J. Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, and Weizhu Chen · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
The power of scale for parameter-efficient prompt tuning
Brian Lester, Rami Al-Rfou, and Noah Constant · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Towards understanding and mitigating social biases in language models
Paul Pu Liang, Chiyu Wu, Louis-Philippe Morency, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, Tom Hennigan, Eric Noland, Katie Millican, George van den Driessche, Bogdan Damoc, Aurelia Guy, Simon Osindero, Karen Simonyan, Erich Elsen, Jack W. Rae, Oriol Vinyals, and Laurent Sifre · 2022
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Unnatural instructions: Tuning language models with (almost) no human labor
Or Honovich, Thomas Scialom, Omer Levy, and Timo Schick · 2022
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Inner monologue: Embodied reasoning through planning with language models
Wenlong Huang, Fei Xia, Ted Xiao, Harris Chan, Jacky Liang, Pete Florence, Andy Zeng, Jonathan Tompson, Igor Mordatch, Yevgen Chebotar, Pierre Sermanet, Noah Brown, Tomas Jackson, Linda Luu, Sergey Levine, Karol Hausman, and Brian Ichter · 2022
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Opt-iml: Scaling language model instruction meta learning through the lens of generalization
Srinivasan Iyer, Xi Victoria Lin, Ramakanth Pasunuru, Todor Mihaylov, Daniel Simig, Ping Yu, Kurt Shuster, Tianlu Wang, Qing Liu, Punit Singh Koura, Xian Li, Brian O’Horo, Gabriel Pereyra, Jeff Wang, Christopher Dewan, Asli Celikyilmaz, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Ves Stoyanov · 2022
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The bigscience roots corpus: A 1.6 tb composite multilingual dataset
Hugo Laurençon, Lucile Saulnier, Thomas Wang, Christopher Akiki, Albert Villanova del Moral, Teven Le Scao, Leandro Von Werra, Chenghao Mou, Eduardo González Ponferrada, Huu Nguyen, et al · 2022
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Bloom: A 176b-parameter open-access multilingual language model
Teven Le Scao, Angela Fan, Christopher Akiki, Ellie Pavlick, Suzana Ilić, Daniel Hesslow, Roman Castagné, Alexandra Sasha Luccioni, François Yvon, Matthias Gallé, et al · 2022
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Solving quantitative reasoning problems with language models, 2022
Aitor Lewkowycz, Anders Andreassen, David Dohan, Ethan Dyer, Henryk Michalewski, Vinay Ramasesh, Ambrose Slone, Cem Anil, Imanol Schlag, Theo Gutman-Solo, Yuhuai Wu, Behnam Neyshabur, Guy Gur-Ari, and Vedant Misra · 2022
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MetaICL: Learning to learn in context
Sewon Min, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi · 2022
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Crosslingual generalization through multitask finetuning
Niklas Muennighoff, Thomas Wang, Lintang Sutawika, Adam Roberts, Stella Biderman, Teven Le Scao, M Saiful Bari, Sheng Shen, Zheng-Xin Yong, Hailey Schoelkopf, et al · 2022
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeff Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll L. Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al · 2022
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Condaqa: A contrastive reading comprehension dataset for reasoning about negation
Abhilasha Ravichander, Matt Gardner, and Ana Marasović · 2022
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Scaling up models and data with t5x
Adam Roberts, Hyung Won Chung, Anselm Levskaya, Gaurav Mishra, James Bradbury, Daniel Andor, Sharan Narang, Brian Lester, Colin Gaffney, Afroz Mohiuddin, Curtis Hawthorne, Aitor Lewkowycz, Alex Salcianu, Marc van Zee, Jacob Austin, Sebastian Goodman, Livio Baldini Soares, Haitang Hu, Sasha Tsvyashchenko, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Jasmijn Bastings, Jannis Bulian, Xavier Garcia, Jianmo Ni, Andrew Chen, Kathleen Kenealy, Jonathan H. Clark, Stephan Lee, Dan Garrette, James Lee-Thorp, Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Marvin Ritter, Maarten Bosma, Alexandre Passos, Jeremy Maitin-Shepard, Noah Fiedel, Mark Omernick, Brennan Saeta, Ryan Sepassi, Alexander Spiridonov, Joshua Newlan, and Andrea Gesmundo · 2022
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Large language models encode clinical knowledge, 2022
Karan Singhal, Shekoofeh Azizi, Tao Tu, S. Sara Mahdavi, Jason Wei, Hyung Won Chung, Nathan Scales, Ajay Tanwani, Heather Cole-Lewis, Stephen Pfohl, Perry Payne, Martin Seneviratne, Paul Gamble, Chris Kelly, Nathaneal Scharli, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Philip Mansfield, Blaise Aguera y Arcas, Dale Webster, Greg S. Corrado, Yossi Matias, Katherine Chou, Juraj Gottweis, Nenad Tomasev, Yun Liu, Alvin Rajkomar, Joelle Barral, Christopher Semturs, Alan Karthikesalingam, and Vivek Natarajan · 2022
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Beyond the imitation game: Quantifying and extrapolating the capabilities of language models
Aarohi Srivastava, Abhinav Rastogi, Abhishek Rao, Abu Awal Md Shoeb, Abubakar Abid, Adam Fisch, Adam R Brown, Adam Santoro, Aditya Gupta, Adrià Garriga-Alonso, et al · 2022
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Challenging BIG-Bench tasks and whether chain-of-thought can solve them
Mirac Suzgun, Nathan Scales, Nathaneal Scharli, Sebastian Gehrmann, Yi Tay, Hyung Won Chung, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Quoc V. Le, Ed H. Chi, Denny ZHou, and Jason Wei · 2022
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You reap what you sow: On the challenges of bias evaluation under multilingual settings
Zeerak Talat, Aurélie Névéol, Stella Biderman, Miruna Clinciu, Manan Dey, Shayne Longpre, Alexandra Sasha Luccioni10, Maraim Masoud11, Margaret Mitchell10, Dragomir Radev12, et al · 2022
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LaMDA: Language models for dialog applications
Romal Thoppilan, Daniel De Freitas, Jamie Hall, Noam Shazeer, Apoorv Kulshreshtha, Heng-Tze Cheng, Alicia Jin, Taylor Bos, Leslie Baker, Yu Du, et al · 2022
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SPoT: Better frozen model adaptation through soft prompt transfer
Tu Vu, Brian Lester, Noah Constant, Rami Al-Rfou’, and Daniel Cer · 2022
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Sustainable ai: Environmental implications, challenges and opportunities
Carole-Jean Wu, Ramya Raghavendra, Udit Gupta, Bilge Acun, Newsha Ardalani, Kiwan Maeng, Gloria Chang, Fiona Aga, Jinshi Huang, Charles Bai, et al · 2022
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Multiinstruct: Improving multi-modal zero-shot learning via instruction tuning, 2022
Zhiyang Xu, Ying Shen, and Lifu Huang · 2022
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Guess the instruction! making language models stronger zero-shot learners
Seonghyeon Ye, Doyoung Kim, Joel Jang, Joongbo Shin, and Minjoon Seo · 2022
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Glm-130b: An open bilingual pre-trained model
Aohan Zeng, Xiao Liu, Zhengxiao Du, Zihan Wang, Hanyu Lai, Ming Ding, Zhuoyi Yang, Yifan Xu, Wendi Zheng, Xiao Xia, et al · 2022
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Opt: Open pre-trained transformer language models
Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Mikel Artetxe, Moya Chen, Shuohui Chen, Christopher Dewan, Mona Diab, Xian Li, Xi Victoria Lin, et al · 2022
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